BIO101 Handouts Complete Lectures 1-130 by Hanzla

BIO101 Handouts · Virtual University of Pakistan · Semester spring 2022

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What is Life?

Anything is living if:

It can acquire energy from the environment, e.g., plants acquire energy using sunlight and carbon dioxide and animals gain energy by eating plants like goats eat plants. It is capable of reproducing itself, e.g., all animals produce young ones like lions produce cubs. Plants also reproduce seeds to give rise to new plants. Mutating / changing itself: all organisms have a property of mutations, i.e., their heredity material – DNA changes itself during division or other times and the result is change in any characteristic of the organism. This characteristic may be beneficial or harmful; organisms survive better if mutation is beneficial and may die if it is harmful

Biology – The Study of Life

Biology (Bio – life; logos – study, reasoning); biology is hence the study of life or living organisms. Biology is about exploring the living part of the world, e.g., studying about animals, plants and even microorganisms is biology. Biology have many subdivisions; for example, anatomy – the study of structures, physiology – the study of functions, microbiology – the study of microorganisms and many more. The exploration of life helps in understanding the phenomena of nature and effective utilization and management of natural resources. We can find solutions to various problems for example treatment for various diseases could be discovered, methods for energy production from biological materials may be found, and e.g., few bacteria can produce fuel from grasses.

Levels of Organization in Life

Atoms Molecules

Macromolecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ-systems Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biosphere

Atoms

Greek: a, not; tom, to cut: The smallest component of an element that have all the properties of that element. In nature, 92 kinds of elements are present, out of which only 16 make the living organisms, called bioelements. Bioelements are Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), and Phosphorus (P). These elements make 99% of living mass. Others ten elements make 1 % of total living mass named Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Chloride (Cl), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Nz), and Iodine (I).

All living things consist of atoms, like all other forms of matter. Atoms consist of “subatomic particles”; charged or not charged. These include electrons which are negatively charged particles, protons which are positively charged and neutrons which have no charge. Protons and neutrons are present inside the center and the electrons revolve around these in orbits. Atoms do not live in isolation but join together to make molecules (compounds).

Molecules

Atoms join together by a process called “bonding” to each other to construct molecules.

Bonding is of two types.

Ionic bonds Covalent bonds

In ionic bonding one atom gives one or more of its electron to the other atom which is called a donor and the other receive the electron called recipient. The donor atom then becomes positively charged and the recipient becomes negatively charged. In covalent bonding, however, the atoms share one or more of their electrons and these electrons revolve in the orbit of both atoms. Covalent bonding is more strong form of bonding.

On the basis of their size molecules are categorized into micromolecules and macromolecules. are the molecules with low molecular weight, e.g., glucose, water. Macromolecules are the molecules with high molecular weight, e.g., proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. An organism consists of enormous number of biomolecules different types. Though some organisms are unicellular, i.e., consist of one cell only. Many other organisms are multicellular, i.e., these consist of many cells.