BIO202 Final Term Subjective by Amaan Khan

BIO 202 Final terms Subjective

Q1. Name two second messenger of nucleotides? (2 marks)

1. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
2. Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

Q2. What are simple lipids? Give two types of simple lipids. (2 marks)

Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. There are two types of simple lipids Fats and waxes.

Q3. Define buffer? Write its composition. (2 marks)

A buffer is a solution that resists change in pH following the addition of an acid or base. Histidine has got 3 dissociable hydrogens – one from carboxyl, pK1=1.8, – one from imidazole group, pK2=6.0 – one from amino group, pK3=9.2.

Q4. Define saponification Number? (3 marks)

The number of mgs of NaOH/KOH required to saponify the free and combined FA in one gram of a given fat is called its saponification number.

Q5. Define enzyme kinetics? (3 marks)

Q6. Medical applications of Nucleotides and nucleic acid. (3 marks)

Medical applications specifically medical applications include the: Use of synthetic purine and pyrimidine analogs that contain halogens, thiols, or additional nitrogen atoms: There use includes chemotherapy for cancer. As suppressors of the immune response during organ transplantation. As anti-viral drugs such as in the treatment of AIDS.

Q7. Properties of waxes (5 marks)

Q8. Nucleotides as 'energy currency' of the cell? (5 marks)

Nucleotides play an important role as "energy currency" in the cell. Nucleoside triand diphosphates such as ATP and ADP are the principal donors and acceptors of phosphoryl group in metabolism. By doing this, they play a key role in the energy transduction. This energy is used in almost every energy requiring process in the body, such as; Muscle contraction, Transmission of nerve impulse, Transports of nutrients across cell membrane. Motility of spermatozoa. And many more energy dependent processes.

Q9. Classification of enzymes? (5 marks)

Ligases: Formation of COC, COS, COO, and CON bonds by condensation reactions coupled to ATP cleavage.

Q10. Define enzymes? Write classification of enzymes? (10 marks)

A substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Ligases: Formation of COC, COS, COO, and CON bonds by condensation reactions coupled to ATP cleavage.

11) Difference between nucleoside and nucleotide. 2

The addition of a pentose sugar to a base produces a nucleoside. Nucleotides are monophosphate, diphosphate, or triphosphate esters of nucleosides.

12) What are lipoproteins? 2

Combinations of lipid and protein (lipoproteins) serve as the means of transporting lipids in the blood.