BIO202 Midterm Current Paper by Asmat Niazi

Q1. What is Bohr effect?

Bohr effect is a phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr. Hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide. it also means the reciprocal coupling of proton and oxygen binding termed as Bohr effect.

Q2. Binding of oxygen with hemoglobin at sea level as well as at high altitude?

The amount of hemoglobin in blood increases at high altitude. This is one of the best-known features for hemoglobin. Increasing the amount of hemoglobin in the blood increases the amount of oxygen that can be carried. so, at high altitudes the atmospheric pressure as well as the partial pressure of oxygen is lower than that at the ground level. This leads to low concentration of the oxygen in the blood. For this reason, binding affinity decreases.

Q3. What information is observed from titration curve of glycine?

The titration curve of Glycine has two regions of buffering power. At pKa 2.34, glycine is a good buffer near this Ph. The other buffering zone is centered on a pH of 9.60. Glycine is not a good buffer at the pH of intracellular fluid (or) blood, about

7. 4.

Q4. Differentiate between enantiomer and diastereomer?

Enantiomers are the chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another and are not superimposable. Diastereomers are the stereomer compounds with molecules that are not mirrored images of one another and that are not superimposable

Q5. What are alpha beta and gamma carbon?

The alpha carbon in organic molecules refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a carbonyl. The second carbon atom is called the beta carbon and the carbon present next to the beta carbon is the gamma carbon.

Q6. How A and B antigen differ from O antigen?

Blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with antiB antibodies in the plasma. blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma. ... blood group AB – has both A and B antigen and have no antibodies A and B. Blood group O has no antigens, but they contain both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Q7. What is the structure of amino acid?

Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. ... Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group.

Q8. heme interaction.

Heme synthesis starts in mitochondria with the condensation of succinyl-CoA with the amino acid glycine, activated by pyridoxal phosphate. ALA synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis. Haem-haem interaction consists of a change of tension at the haems, caused by a transition between two alternative quaternary structures of the protein. Dr Perutz describes how spin changes that accompany reaction with ligands alter the oxygen affinity of the haems.the cooperative interaction between dioxygen binding sites that occurs when dioxygen binds to hemoglobin; as oxygenation proceeds, the combination of additional dioxygen molecules is made easier.