BIO204 Final Term Merged Slides Handouts by Aarish Ali

The heating/cooling requirements are provided by the following methods:

Laboratory-scale · Reactors · Pilot and Production scale reactors Heating · Requirements · Electric Heaters · Steam generated in boilers · Cooling · Requirements · Tap waters or · refrigerated water · baths

Cooling water produced by cooling towers or refrigerants such as ammonia

Equation in the previous slide can be re-arranged as:

Qexch is the heat which will have to be removed by a cooling system. The cooling requirements (jacket and/or pipes) to remove the excess heat from a fermenter may be determined by the following formula: It is impossible to specify accurately the necessary cooling surface of a fermenter since the temperature of the cooling water, the sterilization process, the cultivation temperature, the type of microorganism and the energy supplied by stirring can vary considerably in different process.