BIO303 Final Term Subjective

BIO 303 Final term Subjective

2 Marks

Qno1: Why Pure water carries electric current?

Pure water carries electrical current as H3O+ migrates toward the cathode and OHtoward the anode.

Qno2: What is activation energy reflect the rate of reaction?

The rate of a reaction reflects this activation energy: higher activation energy corresponds to a slower reaction.

Qno3: Write down the function of cofactor in dehydrogenase coenzyme A?

The function of cofactor in dehydrogenase coenzyme A is accepts acetyl group from Lipoamide.

Qno4: What is Half reaction?

A half reaction is either the oxidation or reduction reaction component of a redox reaction. A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction. A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction.

Qno5: What is meant by Activation energy?

The difference between the energy levels of the ground state and the transition state is the activation energy.

Qno6: Define Bioenergetics.

Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of the energy transductions, that is.. changes of one form of energy into another—that occurs in living systems, and of the nature and function of the chemical processes underlying these transductions. Qno7: Define Hyperchromicity of denaturation of DNA. Concomitant with this denaturation of the DNA molecule is an increase in the optical absorbance of the purine and pyrimidine bases—a phenomenon referred to as hyperchromicity of denaturation.

Qno8: What are isozymes?

Two or more enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded by different genes are called isozymes.

Qno9: What is Ionization?

Although many of the solvent properties of water can be explained in terms of the uncharged H2O molecule, the small degree of ionization of water into hydrogen ions (H+ ) and hydroxide ions (OH- ) must also be taken into account.

3 Marks

Qno1: Define Upstream Processing.

Upstream processing includes formulation of the fermentation medium, sterilisation of air, fermentation medium and the fermenter, inoculum preparation and inoculation of the medium. The fermentation medium should contain an energy source, a carbon source, a nitrogen source and micronutrients required for the growth of the microorganism along with water and oxygen, if necessary.

Qno2: Which ions are formed due to ionization of water and what happened to H+ ion?

Water molecules have a slight tendency to undergo reversible ionization to yield a hydrogen ion (a proton) and a hydroxide ion, giving the equilibrium reaction. Hydrogen ions formed in water are immediately hydrated to hydronium ions (H3O+).

Qno3: What are competitive inhibitor and non competitive inhibitor?

enzyme. Noncompetitive inhibitors do not bind at the active site. They bind either free enzyme at a site other than active site or the ES complex.

5 marks

Qno1: What is pH? Describe the pH with respect to water at 25 degree centigrade?

The pH of a solution is defined as the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the [H+ ], i. e, the negative logarithm of the [H+ ]. pH = log 1/ [H+ ] pH = -log [H+ ] The pH of water at 25°C, in which H+ and OH– ions are present in equal numbers, is 7.0

pH = -log[1 x 10-7 ]= 7

Qno2: What is competitive inhibitor and write down the affect on Vmax.

enzyme.

1. Effect on Vmax

• The effect of a competitive inhibitor is reversed by increasing [S].
• At a sufficiently high substrate concentration, the reaction velocity reaches the Vmax as observed in the absence of inhibitor.
• When [S] far exceeds [I], the probability that an inhibitor molecule will bind to the enzyme is minimized and the reaction exhibits a normal Vmax.
• Therefore, a competitive inhibitor does not decrease Vmax.

Qno3: Explain binding site of ligand.

A ligand may be any kind of molecule, including another protein.

• A ligand binds at a site on the protein called the binding site,
• binding site is complementary to the ligand in
• size,
• shape,