BIO303 Midterm Solved Mega File

Biochemistry (II) (bio303)

(Most of the portion is created by M.Waryam)

1. How ATP synthase do the chemical work in the inner mitochondrial

membrane?

ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane do work by using the proton-motive force to do chemical work: synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi as protons flow spontaneously across the membrane. Thus, the proton potential has potential energy.

• Bacterial flagellar motion: use proton-motive force.

Q2. What is the 1st step of non oxidative pathway of pentose phosphate pathway?

Q3. What is cori cycle and its substrate?

The pathway through which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in skeletal muscle returns to theliver and is converted to glucose,which moves back to muscle and is converted to glycogen is called the Cori cycle. Its site is liver and substrate is lactate. Occur due absence of glucose 6 phosphate in liver.

Q4. What is continuous fermentation process?

A Continuous fermentation is a process in which fresh medium (substrate) is continuously added in the bioreactor , and biomass or products containing left over nutrients and microorganisms are continuously removed at the same rate to keep the culture volume constant.

Q5. Ping pong mechanism?

Ping-pong mechanism of nucleoside diphosphate kinase: in this mechanism the enzyme binds its first substrate and a phosphoryl group is transferred to the side chain of His residue. ADP departs, andanother nucleoside (or deoxynucleoside) diphosphate replaces it, and this is converted to the corresponding triphosphate by transfer of the phosphoryl group from the phosphohistidine residue.

Q6. What is ncRNAs?

These are regulatory non protein coding RNAs(ncRNA). These exist in two form 1-small consisting of microRNA or miRNA and silencing RNA siRNA and Large consist of long non coding rna lncRNA.siRNA inhibit the production of protein by targeting the messenger rna at this site of production and lncRNA are also non protein coding RNA as known by their name.

7. write the name of two molecules which can be formed after energy donate from ATP.

(ADP) adenosine di phosphate and (AMP) adenosine mono phosphate are two molecule that could be formed after removal of the energy from ATP.

Q8. what is hydrolase ?

Hydrolase is an enzyme which involve in hydrolysis of substrate. E.g Estrases Digestive

enzymes

9. write the three main operations of fermentation.
10. upstream processing,
11. the fermentation process and
12. downstream processing.
13. what is transaldolase? write its function.

Transaldolase is an enzyme which catalyzes a reaction similar to the aldolase reaction of glycolysis, that is, a three-carbon fragment is removed from sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and condensed with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, forming fructose 6-phosphate and the tetrose erythrose 4-phosphate

11.what are ncRNA ? (5)

One of the most exciting discoveries in the last decade of eukaryotic regulatory biology has been the identification and characterization of regulatory nonprotein coding RNAs (ncRNAs).NcRNAsexist in two general size classes, small consisting of microRNA (miRNAs) and silencing (siRNAs) and Large consisting of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) The small ncRNAs termed microRNA (miRNAs) and silencing (siRNAs) typically inhibit gene expression at the level of specific protein production by targeting mRNAs through one of several distinct mechanisms. Both siRNAs and miRNAs typically hybridize, via the formation of RNA–RNA hybridization to their targeted mRNAs long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs, which as their name implies, do not code for protein (ie, the mRNA encoding genes). ncRNAs make up a significant portion of eukaryotic transcription ncRNAs play many roles ranging from contributing to structural aspects of chromatin to regulation of mRNA gene transcription by RNA polymerase II.

12. Write the fates of pyruvate under anaerobic condition.? (5)

Q13. Give names of some industrial products fermentation and the products they form in industry?

important products of fermentation can be described in five major groups as follows.

1. Biomass (Baker’s yeast, SCP, Starter cultures, animalfeed, etc.)
2. Primary metabolites(amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, polysaccharides, ethanol, etc.) and secondary metabolites(antibiotics, etc.)

3. Bioconvertion or biotransformation products

(steroid biotransformation, L-sorbitol etc.)

4. Enzymes (amylase, lipase, cellulase, etc.)
5. Recombinant products (some vaccines, hormones

such as isulin and growth hormones etc.) 14Three major fates of animals and vascular plant.

15. advantages of fermentation

1. Preserves and enriches food, improves digestibility,

and enhances the taste and flavour of foods.

2. Potential of enhancing food safety by controlling

the growth and multiplication of a number of pathogens in foods.

3. Important contribution to human nutrition,

particularly in developing countries, where economic problems pose a major barrier to ensuring food safety. 4Low energy consumption due to the mild operating conditions relatively low capital and operating costs relatively simple technologies. 5They cause highly specific and controlled changes to foodsby using enzymes. 6Preservation and detoxification of the food. 7Wastetreatment. 8Health related product.

Q16. What is isozyme?

Submerged fermention ?

Q17. What is snRNA?

play pivotal roles in RNA processing, particularly mRNA processing. Write first 5 steps of glycolysis ?without write name of enzyme ?

How can ribonucleotidecombine ?

RNAis a polymer of ribonucleotides of Adenine, Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine and these ribonucleotide are joined together by3´-5´phosphodiester bonds

Q18. What is binding site of ligand?

A ligand binds at a site on the protein called the binding site, binding site is complementary to the ligand in

• size,
• shape,
• charge, and
• hydrophobic or
• hydrophilic character.

Q19. define bioenergetics?

Answer: Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of the energy transductions changes of one form of energy into another—that occur in living cells,and of the nature and function of the chemical processes underlying these transductions. components of fermentor cause of gulcagon on liver