BIO401 Midterm Preparation

BIO401 Best File For MID Term Preparation

Statistics is a field of study that is concerned with:

• The collection, organization, summarization, and analysis of data.
• The drawing of inferences about a body of data, when only a part of data is observed.

Biostatistic is

• The use of statistic al tools for the data that is derived from biological sciences and medicine

Applications of Biostatistics:

• Public Health
• Pharmacology
• Epidemiology
• Medicine
• Genetics
• Genomics
• Proteomics
• Bioinformatics etc etc

Population: In Statistics it is Defined as “an aggregate of entities for which we have an interest at a particular time.” It can consists of Animals, machines, places or cells etc.

Example: If we are interested in knowing the weights of all the children enrolled in elementary schools of the Bahawalpur District. Then our population will be all the the children enrolled in elementary schools of the Bahawalpur District.

Types of Population

1. Finite

If a population of values consists of a fixed number of these values, the population is said to be finite The finite population is also known as a countable population in which the population can be counted. In other words, it is defined as the population of all the individuals or objects that are finite. For statistical analysis, the finite population is more advantageous than the infinite population. Examples of finite populations are employees of a company, potential consumer in a market.

2. Infinite

If a population consists of an endless succession of values, the population is infinite one.

The infinite population is also known as an uncountable population in which the counting of units in the population is not possible. Example of an infinite population is the number of germs in the patient’s body is uncountable.

Census

• A Census is a survey conducted on a full set observations belonging to a given population.

Population Parameter:

It is any summary number, like an average or percentage, that describes the entire population.

• These are the true values, which are usually unknown.

These values are denoted by Greek letters. e.g.: Population Mean μ(Mu) ,Population Proportion π (Pi)

Sample Statistic Any summary number, like an average or percentage, that describes the sample.

• Sample statistics are random variables. • These are the values which are usually denoted by Latin letters • Sample Standard Deviation (s) • Sample Proportion (p)

Sample is a representative part of a Population.

A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a subset of a population of our interest, in order to estimate population attributes.

Characteristics of a good sample

1. Representative.
2. It captures most of the variation in the population.
3. Obtained by using proper sampling methodology.
4. Focus on objective
5. Informative with minimum use of resources.

DATA:

THE raw material of statistics is called data. It is the collection of facts and figures. Which can occur as process of measurement or counting.

• When a hospital administrator counts the number of patients (counting).
• When a nurse weighs a patient (measurement)

Sources of Data

We search for suitable data to serve as the raw material for our investigation. Such data are available from one or more of the following sources:

1Routinely kept records.

For example: - Hospital medical records contain immense amounts of information on patients.

-Hospital accounting records contain a wealth of data on the facility’s business activities. 2External sources. The data needed to answer a question may already exist in the form of published reports, commercially available data banks, or the research literature, i.e. someone else has already asked the same question.

3- Surveys:

The source may be a survey, if the data needed is about answering certain questions.

For example: If the administrator of a clinic wishes to obtain information regarding the mode of transportation used by patients to visit the clinic, then a survey may be conducted among patients to obtain this information.