BT101 Final Term Current Paper by Kainat Alvi

ECOLOGY, BIODIVERSITY & EVOLUTION-1(BT101) · CURRENT FINAL PAPER SPRING 2023(16August) · SHORT QUESTIONS(3)

Q1. What is nucleus made up of?

1. The nuclear envelope
2. Nucleoplasm and Chromatin (two major types of material)
3. The nucleolus
4. DNA

Q2. Height of stratospheres at equator and pole?

o 20 km (66,000 ft; 12 mi) at equator o 10 km (33,000 ft; 6.2 mi) at midalttide o 7 km (23,000 ft; 4.3 mi) at the poles

Q3. Layers of atmosphere?

1) Troposphere: 0 to 12 km 2) Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km 3) Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km 4) Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km 5) Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km

Q4. How many types of energy exist in ecosystem?

Energy exists in several different forms

1. Light
2. Chemical-bond energy
3. Motion
4. Heat

All organisms need energy to function

5. Stages of foraging Cycle.
6. Search
7. Assessment
8. Capture
9. Handling

6. Ozone depleting substance

o Halocarbon refrigerants o Solvents o Propellants in aerosols o Chlorofluorocarbons o Hydro chlorofluorocarbons o Methyl bromide o Carbon tetrachloride o Methyl chloroform

7. Name the factors control of an ecosystem

o • External: Climate, topography External factors are independent of internal factors. o • Internal: Types of species, population size, disease, gene pool, reproduction rate Internal factors are controlled by feedback loop

Q8. Panting?

Panting, a method of cooling, used by many mammals, most birds, and some reptiles, accomplished by means of the evaporation of water from respiratory surfaces, such as skin or mouth.

Q9. Define Taxis, Limiting factor & Range of Optimum?

Taxis: Directed movement of an organism in response to a stimulus.

Limiting factors: Environmental factors that restrict population growth or distribution.

Range of optimum: Specific range of conditions in which an organism thrives best, such as pH and temperature.

Differentiate between monogamous, polygamous and polyandrous?

Monogamous: A mating system where an individual has only one partner at a time.

Polygamous: A mating system where an individual has multiple partners of the opposite sex at the same time.

Polyandrous: A mating system where a female has multiple male partners at the same time.

Q11. What is aestivation?

Survival in extended period of drying. Avoid temperature damage and dehydration. Aestivation or “summer sleep”, on the other hand, is the low metabolic process by the animals during summers.

Examples: Insects, frog, turtle

What Is the Role of University of Wisconsin Madison Arboretum in Restoration ecology?

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum plays a significant role in restoration ecology. It has been a pioneer in the restoration of the prairie since November 1935. The arboretum's efforts have resulted in the transformation of the prairie into its current state.

Evidence of theory of natural selection?

Darwin based his theory on many solid evidences from his observations and collected samples. Three major evidences:

1. Geology
2. Fossil Evidences
3. Galápagos islands

Why theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance rejected?

The inheritance of acquired characteristics is rejected because it violates the fundamental principles of genetics and evolution. Traits that are acquired during an organism's lifetime are not encoded in its DNA. Therefore, these traits cannot be passed down to its offspring. Inheritance is based on the genetic information that is passed down from parents to offspring through the DNA in gametes, such as sperm and eggs. This genetic information is not affected by environmental factors or changes that occur during an organism's lifetime. The theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics was proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in the early 19th century, but it was later disproven by the experiments of Gregor Mendel and the discovery of DNA.

Consumer & its types?

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms. Consumers are part of the food chain or food web and can be categorized into different trophic levels based on their feeding habits.

Types of Consumers

1. Herbivore: • Primary food source is plant-based. • Examples: vertebrates as well as invertebrates. • Digestive systems capable of handling large amounts of plant material. • There are eight types of herbivory depending upon different feeding habits.
2. Carnivore: • Primary food source is animal-based. • Examples: vertebrates as well as invertebrates • Digestive systems is more efficient in protein digestion.
3. Omnivore: An omnivore is an organism that eats plants and animals. The term stems from the Latin words omnis, meaning “all or everything,” and vorare, meaning “to devour or eat.” Example: humans.

Define Omnivores.

An omnivore is an organism that eats plants and animals. The term stems from the Latin words omnis, meaning “all or everything,” and vorare, meaning “to devour or eat.” Example: humans.

Types of Omnivores

1. Frugivores: Frugivores are animals that primarily feed on fruits. Examples include wolves and orangutans.
2. Insectivores: Insectivores are animals that primarily feed on insects and other small invertebrates. Swallows and pink fairy armadillos are examples of insectivores.
3. Granivores: Granivores are animals that specialize in consuming seeds and grains. Large ground finches and mice are examples of granivores.

Autotrophs, heterotroph, saprozoic

❖ Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food using energy from the sun or inorganic substances. Example: Plants perform photosynthesis to produce glucose.

❖ Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter. Example: Animals that obtain nutrients by eating plants or other animals.

❖ Saprozoic

A type of heterotrophic nutrition where organisms feed on decaying organic matter. Example: Fungi that obtain nutrients by decomposing dead plants or animals.

Mutualism

• Long-term relationship between individuals of different species • Both individuals get benefit Example: An example of mutualism is the relationship between bees and flowers. Bees rely on flowers for nectar and pollen as a food source, while flowers rely on bees for pollination. As bees collect nectar from flowers, they transfer pollen from one flower to another, allowing the flowers to reproduce and produce seeds.

Difference between grazer and browsers?

❖ Grazers

• Feeds on plants such as grasses, soft flowering plants (forbs) and algae • Plants are not killed. • Examples: Deer & Snails

❖ Browsers

• Feed on non-grass plant material • Leaves, soft shoots, twigs, fruits, woody plants such as shrubs Examples: Goats, deer, giraffe, elephants

Diff btw mimicry and camouflage?

Camouflage

Camouflage, also known as cryptic coloration, is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for the purpose of concealment from predators.

Example: Chameleons, which can change the color of their skin to blend in with their surroundings.

Mimicry

Mimicry is the resemblance of one species to another for protective or aggressive purposes. It is different from camouflage because instead of hiding through camouflage strategies, organisms that employ mimicry imitate the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of a different species.

Example: The walking stick insect mimics the appearance of a twig or branch to blend into its surroundings.

Crypsis and change of skin color and counter shading

The ability of certain organisms to blend in with their surroundings by having colors and patterns that resemble their natural background.

Example: Egyptian nightjar, parrots

Changeable skin coloration:

o Actively change their skin patterns and colors. o Change can occur rapidly or seasonally. o Chameleons are known for their ability to rapidly change their coloration. o Arctic foxes change their fur color from brown or grey in the summer to white in the winter. o Animals use special chromatophore cells and fur molting to resemble their current background.

Countershading:

o Shadow makes the upper side darker and the underside lighter. o Countershading involves graded coloration to counteract the effect of self-shadowing. o It creates an illusion of flatness. o Countershading makes the animal appear darker below and lighter above.

• Example animals: Gazelles, grasshoppers, sharks, dolphins.

Differentiate between autolysis and putrefaction

Autolysis and putrefaction are two processes that occur during the decomposition of dead tissue, but they differ in their underlying mechanisms and effects.