BT102 Official Handouts

Table of Contents

Lesson

No. Lesson Title Pg. No.

1. Microbes and their classification

2. Five kingdoms and microbial classes

3. Naming microbes

4. Spontaneous generation and its basis

5. The golden age of microbiology

6. Modern developments of microbiology

7. Light microscope and its principle

8. Types of microscopes

9. Stains and staining (General)

10. Types of staining

11. Special staining

12. Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

13. Shapes and arrangements of bacteria

14. Structures external to the cell wall

15. Structure and function of flagella

16. Axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili

17. Structure and function of cell wall

18. Cell wall of gram negative bacteria

19. Structure and function of atypical cell walls

20. Structure and function of cell membrane

21. Movement of materials across cell membrane

22. Structures inside the prokaryotic cells

23. Anatomy of endospore

24. How energy is captured from food

25. Cellular respiration and fermentation

26. Anerobic respiration, lipid and protein catabolism

27. Growth requirements for microbes and their classification

28. pH and osmotic pressure requirements of microbes

29. Elements needed for microbial growth

30. Oxygen as a requirement for microbial growth

31. Culture and culture media

32. Classification of culture media

33. Bacterial growth curve

34. Methods for estimation of microbial growth

35. Terms used for microbial control

36. Factors affecting microbial control

37. Methods of microbial control

38. Physical methods of microbial control

39. Ethylene oxide for microbial control

40. Chemicals as antimicrobial agents I

41. Chemicals as antimicrobial agents II

42. Mechanisms of action of antimicrobials

43. Mechanisms of action of antimicrobials

44. Gene transferring among microbes 45. Conjugation of bacteria

46. High frequency of recombination

47. Transduction in bacteria

48. Three domain system

49. Classical methods of bacterial identification

50. Serological methods for bacterial identification

51. Precipitation test

52. ELISA

53. Western blotting

54. Nucleic acid based tests

55. Nucleic acid based tests

56. What are fungi

57. Asexual reproduction of fungi

58. Sexual reproduction in fungi

59. What are yeasts

60. Identification of selected fungi

61. Benefits and diseases of fungi

62. Lichens and their uses

63. Algae and their benefits

64. Types of algae and uses

65. Viruses and their structures

66. Multiplication of animal viruses

67. Multiplication of animal viruses

68. Consequences of viral infections

69. Cultivation of viruses and their enumeration

70. Viroids, virusoids and prions

71. Epidemiology and its methods

72. Various definitions relating to diseases

73. Definitions relating to epidemiology and diseases

74. Vehicles of infections

75. Portals of entry of microbes

76. Entry and evasion of microbes in the body

77. How microbes damage the body and sets up infection

78. Immunity and its types

79. Cells and secretions of innate immunity

80. More secretions of innate immune system

81. Adaptive immune response

82. Antigens and antibodies

83. Clonal selection theory of antibodies

84. Uses of antibodies in body defenses

85. Cellular immunity and antigen presenting cells

86. Primary and secondary immune responses, active and passive immunity

87. Body transport systems

88. Vaccines and types of vaccines

89. Hypersensitivity type I

90. Hypersensitivity type II

91. Hypersensitivity type III

92. Hypersensitivity type IV

93. History of antimicrobials

94. Scope and spectrum of antimicrobials These handouts have been prepared very carefully and provide a concise but conceptual

understanding of Fundamentals of Microbiology. Listen to the video lectures first, and then read

the corresponding material provided in these handouts. Information covered in the video

lectures and the handouts will essentially equip you with enough understanding that studying the

material later from the book (Microbiology by Tortora et al) will become an enjoyable

experience for you. These lectures and accompanying handouts are in no way enough alone;

therefore studying the material from the book is essential to maximize comprehension about

Microbiology. I hope you will enjoy learning with me.

The recommended book for this course is “Microbiology: An Introduction, 10th or 11th

Edition, authored by Tortora, Funke, and Case”. Both of these books can be had from

Amazon. Some bookshops at Mall Road, Lahore, also carry the original copies of the books. I

must tell you that there are many books on Microbiology; however, Tortora’s Microbiology is

unmatchable. Please note that the layout of the lectures and the handouts is based on the

10th Edition of the book.

The diagrams and figures have been taken from the net and the use of these diagrams and

figures is purely for educational purpose (intended for a class in a university setting). Again, I

highly recommend that the relevant chapters of the book must be read in order to have a good

grasp of the subject. Good luck!

Prof. Irshad Hussain

(Ph.D., DVM)