BT102 Final Term Mega File by Biotech Brainy Bunch

Current final term subjective – 2022

1-PCR steps

1Denaturation step 2Annealing step 3Extension step

2-Western Blotting

Western blotting

• Bacterial Identification V
• Proteins from microbes are separated by electrophoresis
• Protein bands are blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane.
• Proteins could be detected by electrophoresis and blotting.
• Blots can be detected by specific antibodies labelled with radioisotopes etc.

3-Immunity in detail · BT102 - FINALTERM SUBJECTIVE MEGA FILE · GROUP: BIOTECH BRAINY BUNCH · ALL DATA FROM PAST PAPERS · ADMINS: MEHWISH MUGHAL & BELLA

✓ Immunity: Ability of the body to protect itself from harmful effects of diseases. ✓ Susceptibility: lack of immunity

Types of Immunity

A) Innate: Present at birth b) Adaptive: Acquired by experience

Innate Immunity

✓ Present at birth ✓ Rapid to respond ✓ Nonspecific ✓ do not increase in response with repeated exposures to the same agent ✓ Have no memory

✓ Innate Immunity

✓ First line of defense: Physical barriers (skin, mucus membrane) ✓ Second line of defense: Phagocytic cells and their secretions

Adaptive Immunity

•  Specific
•  Have memory
•  Increase with repeated exposure
•  Slower to respond
•  Humoral immune response
•  Cellular immune response

4-Vaccine in detail

Concept of Vaccines

• People recovered from infections are immune to them. • Vaccine: Suspension of organism or fraction of organism that induces immunity

Principle of Vaccines

• It mimics the infection by the organism but without causing the disease

Types of Vaccines

• Live attenuated:

• Weakened organisms, – Louis Pasteur was the first to do that. • Pasteurella multocida

Benefits of Live Vac

• Better immunity: mimics actual infection, – Humoral, – Cellular • Virus replicates increasing the Ag dose • Long term immunity

• Inactivated Killed:

• Organism killed with formalin or phenol. • Cannot be weakened • Need frequent boosters. Inactivated Killed • Examples
• Rabies
• Polio
• Influenza
• Mostly induce humoral immunity

Other Vaccines

Toxoids: Toxins are inactivated and used as a vaccine. • Tetanus toxoid

Conjugated Vaccines:

• Poor antigens attached to proteins. • Haemophilus influenza type b

DNA vaccines:

• DNA injected into cells. • Proteins are expressed which stimulate immunity • West Nile Virus

Polysaccharides have poor success

Modern Vaccines

Subunit vaccines:

Portion of viral or bacterial proteins that can induce immunity. Also called recombinant vaccines

Modern Trends

Organisms in bulk are needed to make vaccines. Bacteria can be grown in flasks by providing medium of growth. Cell culture for viral vaccines. Chicken embryos can be used to grow viruses

Influenza vaccine

Animals can be used to grow viruses. Plants can be used in recombinant technology. Vaccines mimic infection but without harmful effects. Various types are available. Booster is required for better protection.