BT201 Final Term Mega File by Biotech Brainy Bunch

BT 201 (Current and Past Papers)

Q1. Lamarck Contribution?

Lamarck is best known for his contributions to evolution, or Lamarckism, which suggests organisms acquire or lose traits based on how much they use them in their lives.

Q2. Five Scientists Citing Reteach?

•  Kerner: He showed that the differences in growth observed by him and Bonnier were the result of temporary adjustments to environmental variation and not hereditary changes in the experimental plants.
•  Turesson's: He studies provided evidence for genetic differences among populations.
•  Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey: They explored the extent and sources of morphological variation in plant populations, including both the influences of environment and genetics.
•  Case: He determined that the best predictor of chuckwalla, Sauromalus, body length was average winter rainfall.

BT201 - FINALTERM SUBJECTIVE MEGA FILE · GROUP: BIOTECH BRAINY BUNCH · ALL DATA FROM PAST PAPERS · ADMINS: MEHWISH MUGHAL & BELLA

•  Tracy's: His laboratory growth experiments indicated that variation in body size among chuckwalla populations is at least partly determined by genetic differences among populations.

Q3. Troper?

A state of low metabolic rate and lowered body temperature, when food is scarce and night temperatures cold. Other animals can go into a state of reduced metabolism that may last several months.

Q4. Lyell’s Mistake On Natural Selection?

As a part of his general resistance to direction/ substantial change in geology, Lyell maintained there was no real direction of change in the fossil record either. This was greeted with pretty general astonishment, but Lyell claimed the apparent changes were just due to our having bad (misleading) samples…more mammals would soon appear in older formations, etc., as we extend our fossil collections. Within ten years (1840) it was clear that this was completely untenable.

Q5. Cuvier’s Advantage?

Cuvier’s anatomical and classificational work was impeccable. He identified four basic body plans for animals– vertebrates, molluscs, arthropods, and radiata (jellyfish & others). With these groups clearly distinguished, the chain of being was no longer part of biology. But links between distinct groups were still striking– Lamarck cited teeth in fetal baleen whales, for instance, which St. Hilaire took as an ‘unity of plan’. A broader sort of unity could restore the chain to some respectability

Q6. Eusocialistic Characters?

This more complex level of social behavior, which is considered to be the pinnacle of social evolution, is called eusociality. Eusociality is generally thought to include three major characteristics:

•  Individuals of more than one generation living together,
•  Cooperative care of young,
•  Division of individuals into sterile, or nonreproductive, and reproductive castes.

Q7. How Birds and Mammals / Animals Regulate Body Temperature?

Birds and mammals rely heavily on metabolic energy to regulate body temperature. The physical nature of the aquatic environment reduces the possibilities for temperature regulation by aquatic organisms. Most endothermic aquatic species are air breathers. Some organisms, mainly flying insects and some large marine fish, improve performance by selectively heating parts of their anatomy. The energetic requirements of thermoregulation may influence the geographic distribution of species.

Q8. Optimal Foraging Theory?

Optimal foraging theory attempts to model how organisms feed as an optimizing process. Evolutionary ecologists predict that if organisms have limited access to energy, natural selection is likely to favor individuals that are more effective at acquiring energy and nutrients. Many animals select food in a way that appears to maximize the rate at which they capture energy.

Q9. Work of Clausen, Keck, And Heisley?

Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey explored the extent and sources of morphological variation in plant populations, including both the influences of environment and genetics.

Q10. Factor of Environment?

Environmental Factor:

An environmental factor, ecological factor or eco factor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms. Abiotic factors include ambient temperature, amount of sunlight, and pH of the water soil in which an organism lives.

Q11. Hibernation?

Animals can go into a state of reduced metabolism that may last several months. If this state occurs mainly in winter, it is called hibernation.

Example:

Examples of true hibernators are bats, hedgehogs, dormice, marsupials, and snakes. Among birds, some nightjars such as the common poorwill may enter true hibernation. In autumn, before they go into winter hibernation, bats may use temporary torpor as a preparation for hibernation.

Q12. Effects of Habitat Destruction and Climatic Warming?

Long-term studies of populations of land snails around Basel, Switzerland, have documented local extinctions of these land snails. These extinctions are attributable to habitat destruction and climatic warming. The results of these studies suggest that climatic warming can lead to the local extinction of species. As we face the prospect of climatic warming at a global scale, studies of temperature relations will assume greater importance.