BT401 Midterm Solved Past Paper

MUHAMMAD IMRAN BT401 Genetic Resources & Conservation · Past PAPERS SOLVED QUESTIONS · MID TERM

Q1. Different between Wild from and Wild Relative Crops?

Wild forms are wild species from which crop species are directly derived. They are easy to cross with the concerned crop species.

The wild relatives include all other species. Which are related to the crop species by descent during their evolution.

Q2. Different method of cryopreservation? Types of cryopreservation?

There are various methods of storage :

1. Cryopreservation - generally involves storage in liquid nitrogen.
2. Cold storage - it involves storage in low and non freezing temperature.
3. Low pressure – it involves partially reducing the atmospheric pressure of surrounding.
4. Low oxygen storage - it involves reducing the oxygen level but maintaining the pressure.

Q3. What is genetic material?

Genetic materials that are typically cryogenically preserved include sperm, oocytes, embryos and somatic cells.

Q4. Local migration?

Local migration occurs because of heavy rain, flood, excessive cold &hot. Return to that area when crisis is over. Flowering of certain plants and ripening of fruits also cause local migration

Q5. How extinct is affected medical?

Many different species have unique bodily processes that can cure human diseases. e.g. the toxins produced by dartpoison frogs in the rain forest have yielded information about how alkaloid compounds behave in living organisms. Scientists also study bears for clues about how they recycle blood toxins during hibernation to find potential solutions to kidney disorders. Plants from forests are useful for medicinal purposes.

Q6. National animal of Pakistan?

The markhor is the national animal of Pakistan.

Q7. Advantage and Disadvantage of out breeding?

Advantages of Out breeding: • Out breeding often produces offspring of superior quality because it increases homozygosity (the occurrence of two alleles for the same trait at corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes) • Sharply reduce the risk of deleterious recessive genes being expressed • One of the benefits of out breeding is less chance of genetic abnormalities • The ability to make a breed stronger

Disadvantages of Out breeding: outbreeding species. 3 Can destroy well-adapted genotypes because the offspring (genotypes) from sexual reproduction are not guaranteed to be viable, as is the case with selfing.

Q8. Difference between policy and strategies?

Policy is a set of common rules and regulations, which forms as a base to take day to day decisions Strategy is a plan of action while the policy is a principle of action

Q9. Strategy of plant conservation?

Q10. What Antibiotics?

“Antibiotic is chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms”

Q11. Genetics resources for food and agriculture?

Genetic resources. Genetic resources for food and agriculture are the raw materials upon which the world relies to improve the productivity and quality of domesticated plant and animal populations, as well as to maintain healthy populations of wild species, including those used in forestry and fisheries.

Q12. Gene flow and gene drift?

another” Genetic Drift: “Random changes in gene frequency especially in small populations when leading to preservation or extinction of particular genes”

Q13. Richness of microorganism and total no?

• Numbers of species described and currently accepted in most groups of microorganisms worldwide are respectively 143,000 & 18,500
• 120 new species of bacteria and 1,500 new species of fungi are added to science each yea • This clearly demonstrating that knowledge of these groups is grossly inadequate

Q14. Gene Bank?

Q15. Cause of extent?

There are five major causes of extinction: habitat loss, an introduced species, pollution, population growth, and overconsumption. Through the activity, students will create a list of reasons why animals can become extinct.

Q16. Cause of migration?

Causes of Migration

• Shortage of food supply on the breeding ground
• Environmental factors
• Internal factors
• Photoperiodism
• Fat deposition

Q17. Gene Environment interaction?

Gene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways.

There are two different conceptions of gene–environment interaction. • biometric and developmental interaction

Q18. National strategy for PGRFA?

A National Strategy for PGRFA is the blueprint for the management of a country’s PGRFA as a continuum of interventions in order to achieve clearly defined time bound goals.

Q19. What Allopatric speciation?

Gene flow blocked by physical barriers results in Allopatric speciation

Q20. Factor of genetic diversity?

• Mutations • Speciation • Errors in Meiosis

Q21. How extinct species cause destruction of ecosystem?

Species of animals cannot live away from each other. They work together to form an ecosystem. Extinction of one species can effect other by effecting food chain .They depend upon each other and their environment to survive. So in this way it can destroy whole ecosystem

Long 5 Marks

Q22. Discuss global strategy for plant conservation?

The GSPC highlights the importance of plants and the ecosystem services they provide for all life on earth, and aims to ensure their conservation.

The GSPC has 5 main objectives:

1. Plant diversity is well understood, documented and recognized
2. Plant diversity is urgently and effectively conserved
3. Plant diversity is used in a sustainable and equitable manner
4. Plant diversity is used in a sustainable and equitable manner
5. The capacities and public engagement necessary to implement the strategy have been developed.

Q23. Step of Conserve the plant genetics resource?

Plant genetic diversity is vulnerable to “genetic erosion”, the loss of individual alleles/genes and of combinations of alleles/genes, such as those found in locally adapted landraces. ... PGR, the only source of plant genetic diversity, provides valuable traits needed for meeting the challenges of adapting crop varieties.

Q24. Method of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

Vertical Gene transfer: “The transfer of genes from parents to offspring.”

Horizontal gene transfer: horizontal gene transmission among bacteria, especially from a donor bacterial species to different recipient species, is conjugation

25.

Threat Angr?

• Despite the importance of animal genetic resources and their diversity, their diversity has been continually decreasing over time.
• One of the greatest threats to livestock diversity is pressure from large-scale commercial production systems to maintain only high-output breeds.
• Changes in climate will have an impact on livestock and food production in many ways.
• Some major disease threats that livestock currently face include, rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, and Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague.

26.

Inbreeding types?

• Close inbreeding • Mild inbreeding • Line inbreeding

27.

Freezing method?

Freezing. Freezing, in food processing, method of preserving food by lowering the temperature to inhibit microorganism growth. The method has been used for centuries in cold regions, and a patent was issued in Britain as early as 1842 for freezing food by immersion in an ice and salt brine.

28. CHARACTERISTICS OF gene pool. 3

It includes all the variants or alleles of every gene. • It includes all the genes present in the population. • In most cases, the population includes individuals of the same species. • A gene pool includes even those genes whose effects are not visible in an individual.

29. Threats to AnGR 5

Despite the importance of animal genetic resources and their diversity, their diversity has been continually decreasing over time.

One of the greatest threats to livestock diversity is pressure from large-scale commercial production systems to maintain only high-output breeds.

Changes in climate will have an impact on livestock and food production in many ways.

Some major disease threats that livestock currently face include, rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, and Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague

30.

type of wild plant 2

Some of the common wild plant genetic resources are as follow;

• Prickly Acacia/Keekar • Coral Tree • Deodar Cedar • Dalbergia Sissoo /Sheesham Tree • Calotropis procera/Giant milkweed • Alovera • Marijuana