BT403 Final Term Current Papers by Amaan Khan

Amaan Khan · BT 403 Current Final Terms · Current Subjective Final Terms · 2 marks

Qno1: What is Bio Compost?

It is one of the Eco-friendly products composed of waste material released from sugar industries which are decomposed. It is magnified with human-friendly bacteria, fungi, and various plants.

Qno2: What is biopesticides?

Biopesticide is a formulation made from naturally occurring substances that controls pests by non toxic mechanisms and in ecofriendly manner. Biopesticides are typically microbial biological pest control that is applied in a manner similar to chemical pesticides.

Qno3: What is need germplasm preservation?

Preservation/Conservation of plant biodiversity is an important issue. Storage of Economically important, endangered, rare species and make them available when needed. The conventional methods of storage failed to prevent losses caused due to various reasons. Qno4: What is callus? The explant gives rise to a callus (a mass of loosely arranged cells) which is manipulated by varying sugar concentrations and the auxin (low): cytokinin (high) ratios to form multiple shoots.

3 marks

Qno1: Role of auxins in plant?

• Auxins stimulate cell elongation
• Influence a host of other developmental responses,
• Root initiation, vascular differentiation, tropic responses, apical dominance
• Development of auxiliary buds, flowers and fruits
• Auxins in plant tissue culture are used to induce callus from explants, and cause root and shoot morphogenesis and parthenocarpy.

Qno2: What are molecular marker and its types?

A sequence of DNA or protein that can be screened to reveal key attributes of its state or composition and thus used to reveal genetic variation it is Also known as “Genetic Marker”.

Morphological markers:

Morphological markers are those traits that are scored visually, or morphological markers are those genetic markers whose inheritance can be followed with the naked eye.

Biochemical molecular markers

• A molecular marker is a molecule contained within a sample taken from an organism (Biochemical molecules)
• The first biochemical molecular markers used were the protein based markers.
• One of the earliest protein based markers to be used was Isozyme.
• These are different forms of an enzyme exhibiting the same catalytic activity but differing in charge and electrophoretic mobility.

DNA based markers

• The sequence of nucleotides in DNA of an individual is unique and thus determines its identity.
• The ultimate difference between individuals lies in the nucleotide sequence of their DNA.
• These can be used to diagnose the presence of the gene without having to wait for gene effect to be seen.

Qno3: Write down the ozone negative effects on plants.

The negative effects of ozone on plants

• Decreased rates of photosynthesis
• Leaf injury
• Reduced growth of shoots and roots
• Accelerated senescence
• Reduced crop yield

Qno4: Write down the steps for the initiation and maintenance of callus culture.

Initiation and maintenance of callus cultures

• (1) Selection of suitable parent material
• (2) Choice of explant and method of isolation
• (3) Culture medium and conditions required
• (4) Optimization of culture conditions

Selection of suitable parent material

• Parent plant must be healthy and free from decay or disease
• Mother plant be actively growing and not be about to enter a period of dormancy

Choice of explant and method of isolation

• Any part of mother plant; Plant organs or specific plant tissue or plant cells
• Explant must contain living cells
• Younger tissue is more callus responsive due to the presence of large no. of actively dividing cells
• Explants isolated in sterile conditions
• Ensure proper sterilization methods for a particular explants

Culture medium and conditions required

• Culture the sterilized explants on suitable autoclaved culture medium
• Incubate cultures at 22-24 ± 2°C in light or dark
• Most callus will be initiated from the cut surfaces within 3-8 wks.

Optimization of culture conditions

• Consult literature to know previous callus initiation attempts for species under consideration
• For pioneering callus culture attempt, modify medium previously used for a related species
• Start with one of the defined media and manipulate hormone concentrations
• Set up a growth Latin Square of 25 culture plates with 5 each of auxin and cytokinin conc.
• Callus for this growth trial should be uniform and of large (20 mg) size.