BT406 Midterm Past Papers

MUHAMMAD IMRAN BT406 Research Methodology & Skill · Enhancement · Past papers solved questions · MID TERM

Q1. Parties in research?

1. The researcher
2. The sponsoring client (user)
3. The respondent (subject)

Q2. Role of theory in science? Role of theory in Research?

Theory as orientation. Framework. Phenomenon may be studied in different ways. Narrows the range of facts to be studied. Study of football. Theory as conceptualization and classification. Provides concepts. Theory in summarizing role. Empirical generalizations. Theory predicts facts. Extrapolation. Theory points gaps in knowledge.

Q3. Theoretical framework and its basic point?

A good theoretical framework identifies and labels the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem identified. It logically describes the interconnections among these variables

1. Make an inventory of variables
2. Specify the direction of relationship
3. Give a clear explanation of why we should expect the proposed relationships to exist.
4. Make an inventory of propositions
5. Arrange these propositions in a sequential order 6. Schematic diagram of the theoretical model be given.

Q4. Three responsibility of participant?

 No physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. Follow three guidelines:

1. Explain study benefits.
2. Explain respondent rights and protections.
3. Obtain informed consent.

Q5. Two basic power of research? Two basic power of knowledge?

Empiricism:

Sensory experience positivism.

Explanation for regularity. Consequential arguments. Logical.

Q6. Source of concept?

We create concepts from personal experience. Mass, speed, family. we borrow from other disciplines. We develop a specialized jargon or terminology for a Particular subject

Q7. Purposive sampling?

Researcher lays down the criteria for the subjects. Also called as judgmental or expert opinion sample. Selection depends upon the judgment of selector

Q8. Theoretical review?

Compare how different theories address an issue. Evaluate different theories for the soundness of their assumptions, logical consistency, and scope of explanation. Researcher may integrate two theories – form a hybrid

Q9. Relationship of variable?

Relationship among variables. Logical. A statement concerned with the theoretical relationship among variables is a proposition. If the relationship refers to an observable reality, then the proposition may be testable call it a hypothesis

10.

Name the parties in research?

Interaction requires ethical questions. Each party expects certain rights and feels certain obligations.

11.

Exploratory and descriptive research?

Exploratory: Initial research conducted to clarify and define the nature of the problem. Exploring a new topic.

•  Specifically, there could be number of goals of exploratory research.

Ddescriptive:

 Research designed to describe characteristics of the phenomenon understudy.  Helps in diagnostic analysis

12.

Dependent and independent variable?

An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is 'dependent' on the independent variable.

13.

Right of participant?

 No physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. Follow three guidelines: 1. Explain study benefits. 2. Explain respondent rights and protections. 3. Obtain informed consent.

14.

Validation of experiment?

Validity refers to confidence in cause and effect relationship.  Internal validity is high in Laboratory experiments.  External validity (generalizability) is not sure.

15.

Several way to protect confidentiality in research? 5

 Revealing

16.

External validity in research? 5

External validity (generalizability) is not sure. Organizational or field setting. Several confounding variables. Field experiments have more external validity but less internal validity. • First have lab experiments then test in field setting.

17.

Cross sectional and longitudinal studies? 5

Cross-Sectional Research: Observe at one point in time, Snapshot study Longitudinal Research: Examine at more than one time. Can be  • Time series study. • Panel study. • Cohort study – Category of people who share the same experience.

18.

How to locate research report? 5

 Articles in scholarly journals.  Locating the relevant articles is difficult.  Many academic field have ―abstracts‖ or ―indexes‖ for scholarly literature.  Look in reference section of library  Also available on computer.

19.

Applied criteria of sampling design? 5

 Selecting some of the elements in the population and draw conclusions about the total population. Population element is the subject on which measurement is being taken.  Has its advantages and disadvantages.  Selection of appropriate sampling design

20.

Communication analysis in research? 5

analysis is a systematic, quantitative approach to analyzing the content or meaning of communicative messages. Content analysis is a descriptive approach to communication research, and as such is used to describe communicative phenomenon

21.

Research confidential ways? 5

 Revealing

22. Sources of Concept 2

Sources of Concepts

Everyday culture is filled with concepts, but many of them have vague and unclear definitions. Likewise, the values and experiences of people in a culture may limit everyday concepts. Nevertheless, we borrow concepts from everyday culture; though these to be refined.

We create concepts from personal experiences, creative thought, or observation. The classical theorist originated many concepts like family system, gender role, socialization, self-worth, frustration, and displaced aggression. We also borrow concepts from sister disciplines.

23. Dependent and Independent Variables

Researchers who focus on causal relations usually begin with an effect, and then search for its causes. The cause variable, or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something else, is the independent variable. The variable that is the effect or is the result or outcome of another variable is the dependent variable (also referred to as outcome variable or effect variable). The independent variable is “independent of” prior causes that act on it, whereas the dependent variable “depends on” the cause.

It is not always easy to determine whether a variable is independent or dependent. Two questions help to identify the independent variable. First, does it come before other variable in time? Second, if the variables occur at the same time, does the researcher suggest that one variable has an impact on another variable? Independent variables affect or have an impact on other variables. When independent variable is present, the dependent variable is also present, and with each unit of increase in the independent variable, there is an increase or decrease in the dependent variable also. In other words, the variance in dependent variable is accounted for by the independent variable. Dependent variable is also referred to as criterion variable.

24. Rights of Participants in Study. 3

Sponsor’s Ethics

Occasionally, research specialists may be asked by the sponsors to participate in unethical behavior. Compliance by the researcher would be a breach of ethical standards. Some examples to be avoided are;

Violating respondent confidentiality. Changing data or creating false data to meet the desired objective. Changing data presentation or interpretations. Interpreting data from a biased perspective. Omitting sections of data analysis and conclusions. Making recommendations beyond the scope of data collected.

25. Theoretical Framework, Six Features? 3

A theoretical framework is conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem under study. These factors which may also be called as variables may have been identified through such processes as interviews with informants, observations, and literature survey. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the variables that are considered to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated..

The Components of the Theoretical Framework

A good theoretical framework identifies and labels the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem identified. It logically describes the interconnections among these variables.

The relationships among the independent variables, the dependent variable(s), and if applicable, the moderating and intervening variables are elaborated.