CHE301 Lab Manual

CONTENTS:

S.NO EXPERIMENT

Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

Work Safety Instructions For Persons Working In Chemical Laboratory

Laboratory Technique, Materials And Fundamental Operations

Sample types and Analysis Methods

Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry

Techniques for the separation and Purification of Biomolecules.

Separation of biomolecules by Paper Chromatography

Separation of biomolecules by Thin Layer Chromatography

Determination of molecular weight of proteins by gel filtration

Identification of sugars by UV/Visible spectrophotometer.

Identification of proteins by UV/Visible spectrophotometer.

Identification of electrolytes by UV/Visible spectrophotometer.

Determination of sodium content in blood serum by flame photometer.

Determination of potassium content in blood serum by flame photometer.

Mineral analysis of plant tissues using atomic absorption spectrophotometer

EXPERIMENT · NO: · INTRODUCTION · TO

Analytical chemistry – science field evolving and adapting methods, devices and strategy for obtaining information about chemical composition, structure and energy state of substances.

Goals of analytical chemistry: to detect chemical elements, which compose particular substance

Qualitative analysis; to determine the ratios of different elements in investigative substance.

Quantitative analysis; various substances differ from each other by composition, structure, physical and chemical properties. Most of properties can be used to learn about qualities, which distinguish substance from others. These qualities are analytical signals.

Methods of analysis are based on obtaining analysis signals and measurement of intensity of signals. According to action, which gives analytic signal, methods of analysis are divided into physical and chemical instrumental methods. They are employed in both in qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Chemical methods of analysis – methods based on chemical interaction of atoms, molecules and ions. These methods are employed to detect characterize chemical properties of element or ion. Methods of chemical analysis can be divided according the type of chemical reaction, rate of chemical reaction and advisability (gravimetry, titrimetry, gas analysis, kinetic methods of analysis).

Physical methods are based on different parameters of substance radioactivity, electromagnetic properties, and radiation.

Also there are:

Biological methods – based on use of biologically active substances and biological systems. Biochemical methods – when substances of biological origin are investigated with chemical methods.

Analysis of chemical composition of substance proceeds by following steps:

1. Choosing a sample; preparation of sample for analysis
2. Extraction of component to investigate, purification; choosing method and scheme of analysis
3. Disruption or solving of sample
4. Separation and concentration
5. Measurement of physical properties of sample, chemical reagent or product of chemical reaction
6. Calculation of analysis data
7. Estimation of results reliability.

Terminologies:

The sample is a material that we wish to analyze and also has a statistical meaning. The analyte is the substance or element in the sample whose presence or concentration we wish to determine. The matrix is other components of the sample other than the analyte.

The Analytical Process

Every scientist requires an understanding of analytical science so that the data produced fit the purpose. Analytical science can be considered as the science of problem solving. As can be seen in Figure, analytical science is a process rather than an end in itself:

• The technical approach to solving the problem requires the analyst to consider the analytical information, required level of accuracy, the cost, timing, availability of instruments and facilities before selecting the method.
• Knowledge and practical skills start with sampling. Without a representative sample, the results from the time consuming analysis are of little use. This is followed by the sample treatment to produce the analyte into suitable form for detection/measurement by the selected analytical technique. This may involve