CS607 Midterm Solved Subjective by Junaid Malik

Click Button

1. "A bike is heavy" is uncertain or not? Explain

Answer: It is uncertain whether the statement "A bike is heavy" is true or not, as the weight of a bike can vary depending on the specific model, material, and other factors. Some bikes may be heavy, while others may be lightweight. In order to determine whether a particular bike is heavy or not, more information about the bike in question would be needed. OR In artificial intelligence, the statement "A bike is heavy" would be considered certain because it is a statement of fact that can be objectively verified.

2. Differentiate between crossover and mutation.

Answer: Crossover is a genetic operator used in genetic algorithms to combine the genetic material of two parents to create offspring with traits from both. Mutation is a random change in the genetic material of an organism, which can potentially introduce new traits or alter existing ones. Crossover typically occurs between two individuals, while mutation can occur within a single individual. Crossover and mutation are both used to introduce diversity into a population and allow for the evolution of new solutions to a problem. OR Crossover is a genetic operator used in genetic algorithms to combine the genetic material of two parents to create offspring, while mutation is a genetic operator that randomly changes the genetic material of an individual in a population.

3. Write the output without explaining · A · B C · D E F

Answer: A B

CS619 & CS519

D C E F

Q4. Which search strategy you will use if there are large number of states in your solution space and you can’t visit each state and why?

Hint: you have to choose among the four strategies.

Answer: In this scenario, it would be most efficient to use the best-first search strategy. This is because best-first search always selects the path that appears most promising, based on a heuristic evaluation function. This means that it will prioritize exploring states that are likely to lead to the solution, rather than just blindly searching every state. This can help to reduce the overall number of states that need to be considered and make the search more efficient in cases where there are a large number of states.

Q5. drawbacks of optimal search strategy and its example?

Answer: One of the main drawbacks of optimal search strategies is that they can be very timeand resource-intensive, especially in large or complex search spaces. This is because they guarantee that the solution found is the optimal one, but in order to do so, they must explore the entire search space and compare all possible solutions.

An example of an optimal search strategy is branch and bound, which is a search algorithm that explores all possible solutions and selects the optimal one.

6. Who are the people work on the development of expert systems.

Answer: Expert systems are developed by a team of people with diverse skill sets, including computer scientists, artificial intelligence researchers, software engineers, and domain experts. The specific roles and responsibilities of the team members can vary depending on the nature and scope of the expert system being developed. Some common roles on an expert system development team include:

• Project manager: responsible for overseeing the overall development process and ensuring that the project stays on track and meets its goals.
• Software engineer: responsible for designing and implementing the software that powers the expert system.
• Artificial intelligence researcher: responsible for designing and implementing the artificial intelligence algorithms and techniques that enable the expert system to reason and make decisions.
• Domain expert: responsible for providing the knowledge and expertise needed to build the expert system in a specific domain, such as medicine, finance, or engineering.

Other team members may include quality assurance engineers, user experience designers, and technical writers.

7. What will be the issue if use crossover without mutation in genetic algorithm.

Answer: If crossover is used without mutation in a genetic algorithm, the algorithm may become stuck in local optima and be unable to explore the full solution space. This can make it harder to find the global optimum solution. Additionally, a lack of mutation can lead to a loss of diversity in the population of solutions, which can make the algorithm less effective at finding good solutions.

8. Discuss A* procedure

Answer: A* is an algorithm used to find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph. It maintains an open list of nodes to be explored and a closed list of nodes already visited. At each step, it expands the search to the lowest-cost neighbor and updates the cost of neighbors already on the open list if a shorter path is found. A* uses a heuristic function to guide the search and is more efficient than Dijkstra's algorithm.

Q9. which method you and how you can design an artificial machine that acts like human?

Answer: To design an artificial machine that acts like a human, one can use AI techniques such as machine learning and natural language processing. Another approach is to use robotics and engineering techniques to design the machine to move and interact with its environment in a human-like manner. Designing such a machine requires a multidisciplinary approach and expertise in fields such as computer science, artificial intelligence, robotics, engineering, and psychology.

10. Write GA step

Answer: ❖ Initial Population ❖ Calculate Fitness ❖ Selection