CS610 Final Term Current Paper Fall 2021

1. Write Protocol types for TCP/IP & its layers. & TCP/IP refer to group of data communication protocol, you are required to write the name of transport protocol that work in TCP/IP based. & Write the name of internet protocol suit & its layers name too

TCP/IP contains two transport protocols:

1. UDP is the first of the transport protocols in TCP/IP protocol suite. UDP protocol allows applications on the computers to send and receive datagrams.
2. TCP is the major transport protocol in the TCP/IP suite. It uses unreliable datagram service offered by IP when sending data to another computer. It provides reliable data delivery service to applications.

TCP/IP protocols are organized into five conceptual layers.

2) Write Address Classes types

3) Write Address Resolution techniques

ADDRESS RESOLUTION TECHNIQUES: Address resolution algorithms can be grouped into three basic categories:

• Table lookup • Closed-form computation • Message Exchange

4. Write 5 Multicast address protocol types.

Multicast protocols: Several multicast protocols exist. Some of the proposed protocols are:

1. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP):
2. Core Based Trees (CBT):
3. Protocol Independent Multicast_ Sparse Mode (PIM-SM):
4. Protocol Independent Multicast _ Dense Mode (PIM-DM):
5. Multicast Extensions to the Open Shortest Path First Protocol (MOSPF):
6. 2 alg alg autonomous given thy, un mei just identify krna tha k kahn py EGP protocol use ho ga or kahn py IGP protocol.

INTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOLS (IGPs): It is used among routers within autonomous system. The destinations lie within IGP. EXTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOLS (EGPs): It is used among autonomous systems. The destinations lie throughout Internet

6. End to end and computer to computer communication.

TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS:

• Provide application-to-application communication.
• Need extended addressing mechanisms to identify applications.
• Are called end-to-end communication.

The end-to-end principle is a design framework in computer networking. In networks designed according to this principle, guaranteeing certain application-specific features, such as reliability and security, requires that they reside in the communicating end nodes of the network.

Q7. What is Static & Dynamic Routing?

STATIC ROUTING: It is one of the forms of Internet routing. In Static routing, the table is initialized when system boots and there is no further changes. DYNAMIC ROUTING: In dynamic routing the table is initialized when system boots. It includes routing software which learns routes and updates table.

8. Address resolution algorithm use krny thy, table lookup, Data exchange or closed form. Table mei data given tha bs aagy mention krna tha k ye kis algorithm se match krta ha
9. TABLE LOOKUP: In Table Lookup, binding or mapping is stored in a table in memory, which the software searches when it needs to resolve an address.
10. CLOSED-FORM COMPUTATION: In Closed-form computation, the protocol address assigned to a computer is chosen carefully so that computer’s hardware address can be computed from the protocol address using basic Boolean and arithmetic operations.
11. MESSAGE EXCHANGE: In Message Exchange, Computers exchange messages across a network to resolve an address. One computer sends a message that requests an address binding (translation) and another computer sends a reply that contains the requested information.
12. Value was given define class cidr notation.

CIDR NOTATION: Inside a computer, each address mask is stored as a 32-bit value. When we enter a prefix and an address mask they use a modified form of dotted decimal addressing called CIDR addressing, which is known as CIDR Notation.

As an example how CIDR adds flexibility, suppose a single class B prefix (e.g. 128.211.0.0) i.e. 216 host addresses 16-bit CIDR mask denoted as: 128.211.0.0/16

10) Routing ki next hope likhni thi

Q11. What is Sub-netting?

A subnet, or subnetwork, is a segmented piece of a larger network. More specifically, subnets are a logical partition of an IP network into multiple, smaller network segments. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method for sending data from one computer to another over the internet.