EDU603 Handouts

Table of Contents:

Lesson 01 The Concept of Governance Topic 1 to 7 Lesson 02 Topic 8 to 13 Lesson 03 Topic 14 to 19 Lesson 04 Quality Framework Topic 20 to 23 Lesson 05 Key Considerations & Elements of Governance Topic 24 to 28 Lesson 06 Governance & Performance - 1 Topic 29 to 34 Lesson 07 Governance & Performance - 2 Topic 35 to 40 Lesson 08 Impact of Quality Education on Economy Topic 41 to 46 Lesson 09 Funding Schools Topic 47 to 54 Lesson 10 Globalization & Governance of National Edu Systems – 1 Topic 55 to 59 Lesson 11 Globalization & Governance of National Edu Systems - 2 Topic 60 to 64 Lesson 12 Educational Frameworks Topic 65 to 68 Lesson 13 Decentralization - 1 Topic 69 to 73 Lesson 14 Decentralization - 2 Topic 74 to 78 Lesson 15 Decentralization - 3 Topic 79 to 83 Lesson 16 Organizational Governance - 1 Topic 84 to 88 Lesson 17 Organizational Governance – 2 Topic 89 to 93 Lesson 18 Organizational Governance - 3 Topic 94 to 99 Lesson 19 Organizational Governance - 4 Topic 100 to 104 Lesson 20 Governance in Higher Education - 1 Topic 105 to 108 Lesson 21 Governance in Higher Education - 2 Topic 109 to 113 Lesson 22 Governance in Higher Education - 3 Topic 114 to 118 Lesson 23 Governance in Higher Education - 4 Topic 119 to 122 Lesson 24 School Improvement Programme. Topic 123 to 127 Lesson 25 Risk Governance Topic 128 to 134 Lesson 26 Concept of Policy Topic 135 to 140 Lesson 27 Educational Policy & Reform Topic 141 to 145 Lesson 28 International Initiatives on Education - 1 Topic 146 to 149 Lesson 29 International Initiatives on Education - 2 Topic 150 to 153 Lesson 30 International Initiatives on Education - 3 Topic 154 to 157 Lesson 31 International Comparison of Education Topic 158 to 161 Lesson 32 History of Education Policies in Pakistan - 1 Topic 162 to 165 Lesson 33 History of Education Policies in Pakistan - 2 Topic 166 to 169 Lesson 34 National Educational Policy 2009 - 1 Topic 170 to 172 Lesson 35 National Educational Policy 2009 - 2 Topic 173 to 176 Lesson 36 National Educational Policy 2009 - 3 Topic 177 to 179 Lesson 37 Institution Based Policies - 1 Topic 180 to 183 Lesson 38 Institution Based Policies - 2 Topic 184 to 187 Lesson 39 Institution Based Policies - 3 Topic 188 to 192 Lesson 40 Standardized Education Topic 193 to 197 Lesson 41 Standardization of Teacher Education - 1 Topic 198 to 204 Lesson 42 Standardization of Teacher Education - 2 Topic 205 to 211 Lesson 43 Governance Challenges in Pakistan Topic 212 to 215 Lesson 44 Current Education Sector Plans in Four Provinces - 1 Topic 216 to 219 Lesson 45 Current Education Sector Plans in Four Provinces - 2 Topic 220 to 223

Lesson 01 · THE CONCEPT OF GEVERNANCE · Topic: 001 - Course Overview

What is the course about?

• The course is about larger framework of education and intends to answer some key questions.
• How is education provided in a country, province or a, district?
• Which institutions make educational decisions and which constitute the delivery system?
• Who is influenced by decision-making and delivery systems?
• How do parts of the system relate to each other?
• What are the parts of the larger educational framework?
• How do policies, laws, regulations and practices are linked with each other?
• How many people and organizational entities are involved in education?
• How is education funded?
• How is education provided in risk areas?
• What are the current educational policies, laws and practices?
• What are current educational reforms in the country?
• What determines education success at school, district or national level?
• What are centralized and decentralized mechanisms of governance?
• What is higher education framework?
• What affects governance, policy and practice?
• What are global education initiatives?
• What is standardization?
• Why is standardization important?
• How is standardization achieved in education?

Topic: 002 - Governance Definitions

Governance Definitions

There is no consensus over what governance is. It is a promiscuous concept linked to a range of theoretical perspectives and policy approaches (Pierre & Peters, 2000). Definitions of governance are varied as the issues and levels of analysis to which the concept is applied (Krahmann, 2003). Common element in all definitions is the changing focus of political activity.

Governance has been defined as:

“The sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a process through which diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative action taken (Commission on Global Governance, 1995)”. It is a continuous process. “The intentional regulation of social relationships and the underlying conflicts by reliable and durable means and institutions, instead of the direct use of power and violence (Jachtenfuchs, 2001, p. 24)”. “Self-organizing, inter-organizational networks characterized by interdependence, resource exchange, rules of the game, and significant autonomy from the state” (Rhodes, 1997).

“A two-way process where aspects, qualities, problems and opportunities of both the governing system and the system to be governed are taken into consideration (Kooiman, 1993)”.

Topic: 003 - Traditional Views on Governance

The government is an organization which can do its functions better or worse; governance is thus about execution, or what has traditionally fallen within the domain of public administration, as opposed to politics. (Function of government as administration)

Governance as State’s Ability

Governance is traditionally defined as the ability of the state to impose an order on social, political and economic life…It is concerned with the capacity of the state to govern social, political and economic processes (Williams, 2005). (Example: state defined the text on certain things; state defined the transmission of media). The World Bank (2000) described governance as a collection of traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised for the common good. It includes: process by which those in authority are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively manage its resources and implement sound policies is state’s governance. The governance must ensure respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.

Governance as a set of mechanisms

Governance involves mechanisms of managing and controlling public affairs at local, national and regional level through a complex set of bureaucratic structures and political powers ranked in a more or less rigid hierarchy. (Example: bureaucratic structure)

Topic: 004 - Governance and Globalization

Globalization is affecting all kinds of social and stat’s institutions. Governance is also being affected by the flux of governance. The flow of power is no more in the hands of the nationstate. Countries cannot remain in isolation. There is flow of people, goods, services, money, images and ideas across the world. International trade, relations and politics are no longer confined to states but are also characterized by a growing number of non-state actors. In today’s decentralized world monolithic and top-down view of governance is inappropriate (Weiss, 2000).

New Governance

The new governance under globalization relies on a plurality of interdependent institutions and actors drawn from within and beyond national government.

Governance Shifts

Under globalization, shifts in governance have been observed. They are:

1. A move away from hierarchy and competition towards networks and partnerships across the public, private and voluntary sectors
2. Recognition of the blurring of boundaries and responsibilities for tackling social and economic issues