ENG001 Final Term Glossary Preparation

ENG001 - Elementary English Glossary For Midterm Exam Preparation

Glossary Brainstorming : a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions. Context sensitivity : All good writers write in contexts. They adapt their messages to sensitive or nonsensitive situations and don’t misjudge this. Considerateness : showing concern and respect for the rights and feelings of others while writing or speaking. Creativity : Ability to have new ideas and materials to make your writing different and unique, so that the readers are drawn to your writing. Alphabetical order : The sequence of a collection of items (such as words in a dictionary) arranged in order by position in the alphabet. Completeness : The state of being complete and entire; having everything that is needed. Conciseness : Ability to express your ideas in the fewest possible words. Saying less; meaning more. Correctness : Presenting valid and true facts, figures, and events. Concreteness : Ability of being solid in your speech and writing--not being abstract. Courteousness : Sticking to a code of behavior which is according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social class, or group. Coherence : Coherence refers to the unity created between the ideas, sentences, paragraphs and sections of a piece of writing. Coherence gives a piece of writing its flow. It also gives the reader a sense of what to expect and, therefore, makes the reading easier to follow as the ideas appear to be presented in a natural, almost automatic way. Emphasis : Emphasis refers to the special importance given to certain words, phrases, paragraphs or parts of a composition. Fog index : Fog Index is a test designed to measure the readability of a sample of English writing. It tells the number of years of formal education that a person requires in order to understand the text on a first reading. SMOG Index : Simple Measure of Gobbledygook is a readability formula that estimates the years of education needed to completely understand a piece of writing. Flesch Index : An index of the reading difficulty of a passage: it is calculated from regression formulas that use counts of words per sentence, syllables per 100 words, and frequency of personal words to generate reading ease and human interest scores and to calculate grade levels. PSK (Power-Sumer-Kearl) Index : It is a measure of readability which is calculated by finding the average number of words per sentence and the number of syllables per hundred words, and then adding the two results together. Unity : The quality of oneness in a paragraph or essay that results when all the words and sentences contribute to a single main idea. Adjective : A word that describes a noun. They tell how many, what kind or which one. Adverb : A word that describes a verb. They tell how something happened, when it happened, where it happened, or how much happened. Compound Sentence : Two or more sentences put together using the words and, but, or or. Essay : A group of paragraphs telling facts about one main idea Expository Paragraph : A paragraph that gives information on a topic, or steps explaining how to do something. Persuasive Paragraph : A paragraph that tells your opinion and tries to convince the reader to agree with you. Proofreading : Reading what you wrote to look for mistakes. Revising : Making changes that improve your writing. Rough Draft : The first organized writing of the topic that you do. Run-On Sentence : Two or more sentences put together without punctuation or connecting words. Sentence Fragment : A sentence that is missing the subject, the verb, or both. Suffix : A group of letters that comes after a base or root word that change the meaning of the word. Summary : Retelling the main idea of a story by briefly writing about the main topics. Topic Sentences : The sentence, usually at the beginning of a paragraph that tells what the main idea of the paragraph is about. Verb : The word in a sentence that does action. Journalistic questions : Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? So What? Edit : Preparing writing for final draft by checking spelling, punctuation, capitalization, Usage, paragraph indentation, neatness, and legibility Expository : Writing that explains an idea and informs the reader Paraphrase : Restating the meaning in own words, retaining all of the ideas without making an interpretation or evaluation Prewriting : The thinking and planning the writer does before drafting, which includes considering the topic, audience, and purpose; gathering information; choosing a form; determining the role of the writer; and making a plan Revise/revision : The process of reworking or re-seeing writing, which includes: considering changes in audience, purpose, focus, organization, style; elaborating, emphasizing, clarifying, or simplifying text (adding, deleting, reordering, or substituting). Free morpheme : A morpheme that can stand alone, like cat or happy. In contrast, bound morphemes, like plural -s, un-, or -ness) are part of a larger word. Morpheme : A minimal meaning-bearing element. Words are not necessarily the smallest meaning-bearing elements in a language. For instance, cats is a single word, but consists of two morphemes, cat and the plural morpheme -s. Unhappiness consists of the three morphemes un-, happy, and -ness. Morphemes can be free or bound. Free morphemes (like cat and happy) can stand alone, whereas bound morphemes (like -s, un-, and -ness) cannot. Portmanteau : Portmanteau is one derived by combining portions of two or more separate words. They are blend of two words. So there are two meanings packed into one Oxbridge = Oxford + Cambridge Because = by + cause Brunch = Breakfast + lunch Bound Morpheme : A bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by itself, but is always attached to some other morpheme. E.g. s, ish, ness, ism, etc WORD FORMS : WORD FORMS: noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. E.g. decide We must come to a decision soon. We beat them decisively. He can never make up his mind. He is indecisive. Prefix : A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. E.g. Unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmanned Compounding : The process of combining two words to create a new word. News + stand + paper + clip = newsstand, newspaper, news clip Flower + petal + bud + pot = flower Patel, flower bud, flower pot Figurative language : Figurative language or speech contains images. The writer or speaker describes something through the use of unusual comparisons, for effect, interest, and to make things clearer. The result of using this technique is the creation of interesting images. Collocation : Collocation is the relationship between two words or groups of words that often go together and form a common expression. If the expression is heard often, the words become 'glued' together in our minds. ' Crystal clear', 'middle management' 'nuclear family' and 'cosmetic surgery' are examples of collocated