ENG501 Final Term Short Handouts Notes File 3 by Sir Zahid

ENG501 SHORT HANDOUTS · NOTES FINALTERM · Lesson 31 to 45 · (ENG501) History of English Language · EFFORT BY VUHELPERS24 TEAM REGARDS : SIR ZAHID: · JOIN VU BS ENGLISH 1st SEMESTER GROUP Click 👉 (JOIN NOW) · IF ANY STUDENTS SEE ANY MISTAKE, MSG US ON · Lesson 31 · STANDARDIZATION OF ENGLISH IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY · Topic 151: New Words in Modern English

What contributed to the immense increase in vocabulary items in the 19th and 20th century?

Scientists drew on various sources to form new vocabulary. Give examples of words created by giving scientific meanings to existing ones. Salt (chemistry), fruit and pollen (botany), parasite (zoology).

How were words borrowed from other languages to expand English vocabulary?

Latin (bacillus, corolla), Greek (acne, eczema), German (cobalt, paraffin), and names of European scientists.

What is a common way to create new words using Greek and Latin material?

Inventing them, e.g., biosphere, haemoglobin. Explain the process of shortening words. Shortened words often start as colloquial and may involve cutting off the beginning or ending. What is blending, and give examples of portmanteau words. Blending combines words, e.g., brunch (breakfast + lunch); portmanteau words include slithy and mimsy.

Topic 152: Standardization of Spelling & Changes in Pronunciation

How did printing contribute to the standardization of spelling?

Printing introduced widely accepted conventions, leading to standardized spelling in printed books.

What were some differences in spelling between Addison's punctuation and modern standards?

Minor differences like carry'd and publick. Explain the changes in pronunciation during the Late Modern Period. /r/ disappeared before consonants and a pause; pronunciation of certain words changed.

What is a spelling pronunciation, and how does it arise?

Spelling pronunciation occurs when people learn words from print and may mispronounce them based on their spelling.

Topic 153: Slang in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Define slang according to Webster in 1828. " Low, vulgar, unmeaning language."

How did the definition of slang evolve according to the Oxford Dictionary (1911)?

Language of a highly colloquial type, below the level of standard educated speech, consisting of new or current words with special senses. Provide examples of words that were once slang. Boom, slump, crank, fad.

What role does slang play in language today?

Slang expresses a desire for freshness and novelty; it is more prevalent and influential than in the past.

Topic 154: Issues of Register and Accent

What accent has been accepted as a standard in England for over a century?

RP (Received Pronunciation).

How has the prestige of accents changed in recent times?

RP has lost some prestige; regional accents, especially "soft" accents, are more acceptable in many contexts.

Topic 155: British and Irish English

When did English rule extend over the entire island of Ireland?

16th–17th century.

How did Irish English originate?

In 1169 with competition between English, French, and Irish.