ENG502 Official Handouts

Table of Contents

Title

Topic No.

Pg. No. WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

Language: A Purely Human and Non-Instinctive Communication 9-10

Language: A Symbol System Behavioristic View of Language Structural View of Language 10-11 Miscellaneous Definitions of Language

HISTORY OF LANGUAGE

Animal Communication and Language 12-14 Talking Apes 14-16 Written Language 16-19 First Families 19-22 Towards a Science of Language 22-25 Future Indicatives 26-27

ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE

The Divine Source The Natural Sound Source The Social Interaction Source The Physical Adaptation Source The Tool-Making Source 28-29 The Genetic Source

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE

Characteristics of Human Language Displacement Arbitrariness 30-31 Productivity Cultural Transmission Duality 31-32

FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

Functions of Language (Verbal Communication) Language is Expressive 33-35 Language is Powerful Language as a Means of Control 35-36 Language is Performative Language: A Dynamic and Relational Entity 36-38

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND LINGUISTICS

Aspects of Nonverbal Communication Principles of Nonverbal Communication Conveyance of Interpersonal and Emotional Messages More Involuntary than Verbal 40-41 More Ambiguous More Credible

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND SEMIOSIS

Types of Nonverbal Communication Learning Kinesics Haptics 42-43 Vocalics 43-44 Proxemics 44-45 Chronemics 45-46

ANIMAL VS. HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Introduction: Animal vs. Human Communication 47-48 Broadcast Transmission and Directional Reception 48-49 Creativity/Novelty/ Prevarication 49-50 Discreteness 50-51 Interchangeability Semanticity 51-52

WHAT IS LINGUISTICS?

53-54 Explicitness Systematicness Objectivity The Scope of Linguistics

INTRA-DISCIPLINARY BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS

Intra-disciplinary Branches of Linguistics General-Linguistics 56-57 Descriptive-Linguistics Comparative Linguistics 57-59

INTER-DISCIPLINARY BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS

Inter-disciplinary Branches 60-61 Psycholinguistics 61-62

63-64 Geographical Linguistics

LINGUISTICS VS. TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR

65-66 Linguistics: Scientific Study of Language Linguistics and Descriptivism 67-68 Linguistics: Non-Speculative Nature Linguistics and Objectivity Linguistics and Spoken Language

PHONETICS AND ITS BRANCHES

70-71 Nature and Functions of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics 71-72 Acoustic Phonetics 72-73 Auditory Phonetics 73-74 Instrumental Phonetics 74-75

PHONOLOGY AND ITS BRANCHES

Difference Between Phonetics and Phonology 76-77 Phoneme: The Basic Unit of Phonology 77-78 Segmental Phonology 78-79 Supra-segmental Phonology

SYLLABLE

Syllable and Division of Words into Syllables 80-81 The Structure of the Syllable Syllabic Consonants Types of the Syllable 82-83 Consonant Clusters 83-85 Abutting Consonants

STRESS

Types of Stress (Word-stress) Sentence Stress 87-90 Syllable-timed Languages and Stress-timed Languages 90-91 General Rules of Stress 91-92

MORPHOLOGY I

Morphology Morpheme Free Morphemes 94-95 Bound Morphemes Lexical Morphemes Functional Morphemes

MORPHOLOGY II

Derivational Morphemes Inflectional Morphemes 97-98 Derivational vs. Inflectional Morphemes Morphological Description 98-99 Problems in Morphological Description Morphs and Allomorphs 99-100

Lecture No. 19 MORPHOLOGY III

Coinage