ENG503 MCQs Lectures 21-24

ENG503 INTRODUCTION TO ELT · OBJECTIVES LESSON 21- 23 · Lesson 21:

1. The study of what speakers mean or “speaker‟s meaning” is called pragmatics.
2. Pragmatics may vary from culture to culture.
3. The relationship between the linguistic form and communicative function is of central interest in Pragmatics.
4. Deixis (Greek) means „pointing‟ via language.
5. Deixis is also known as the „Indexicality of language‟ or „Indexicals‟ as they operate as indexes of specific meaning in a context.
6. Person Deixis function in first person pronoun (I, We) second person pronoun (you) and third person pronoun (He, she, it, they, a boy)
7. Spatial deixis is used to indicate the relative location of people and things.
8. Spatial Dexixis is also known as „place deixis‟.
9. Temporal Deixis is also known as „time deixis.
10. An act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify something is called Reference.
11. Endophoric Reference is where the interpretive source lies in the co-text.
12. Anaphoric Reference (Anaphora) is where the referent lies in the prior text.
13. Cataphoric Reference (Cataphora) is where the referent lies in the text to come.
14. Exophoric Reference (Exophora) is where the interpretive source lies in the context.
15. A presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance.
16. Speakers have presupposition.
17. Sentences have entailments.
18. Existential Presupposition is the assumption of the existence of entities named/committed by the speaker.
19. Factive Presupposition is the assumption that something is true due to the presence of some verbs.
20. Lexical Presupposition - Use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (non-asserted) meaning is also understood (Yule).
21. Structural Presupposition – The certain sentence structures have been analyzed as conventional and regular, presupposing that part of the structure is already assumed to be true.
22. Non Fictive Presumption is that something is not true, like verbs "dream” "imagine" and "pretend" follows what is not true.
23. Counterfactual Presupposition - What is presupposed is not only untrue but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts.
24. An entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance.
25. Grice‟s central claim was that an overarching principle of human interaction was an impulse towards cooperative behavior.
26. Implicature is what a speaker implies, suggests or means is distinct from what the speaker literally says. (Grice1975)
27. Conventional Implicatures are associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meanings when those words are used. E.g., but, even, yet, and.
28. Conversational Implicatures are the assumptions suggested by the speaker and inferred by the hearer in an exchange situation.
29. Politeness generally refers to the ideas like, being tactful, modest and nice to other people.
30. In pragmatics, politeness can be defined as „showing awareness and consideration of another person‟s face‟ (Yule, 2010).
31. Politeness in language is centered on the notion of face.
32. Three Maxims of Politeness were given by Lakoff, 1973
33. According to Austin (1975), the speech act theory is a foundational part of pragmatics.
34. Speech Act Theory attempts to explain the processes of how meanings are constructed within conversations.
35. According to Austin and Searle “Language is used to „do things‟ other than just refer to the truth and falseness of particular statements.”
36. According to Austin, there are three part system for describing a speech act.
37. Locutionary Act -- Literal meanings of the actual words. What speaker says and makes sense; i.e. follows the rules of pronunciation and grammar.
38. Illocutionary Act - Speaker‟s intention in uttering the words; the uses to which language is put in a society.
39. Perlocutionary Act - The effect or „take up‟ of an utterance on the thoughts or actions of the other person; what follows an utterance.
40. According to Searle (1976), all speech acts fall into five main types.
41. Representatives – commit the speakers to the truth of the expressed proposition, state what the speaker believes to be the case or not (e.g., asserting, concluding, statements of fact)
42. Directives – attempt by the speaker to get the addressee to do something , what speaker wants (requesting, questioning)
43. Commissives – commit the speaker to some future course of action – what s/he intends (promising, threatening, offering, refusing)
44. Expressives – express a psychological state or what a speaker feels (thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating).
45. Declarations – effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs - rely on extra-linguistic institutions (marrying, declaring war, and firing from employment)

Lesson 22:

1. Sociolinguistics is study of the relationship between language and society.
2. Society is any group of people who are drawn together for a certain purpose or purposes.
3. Language is what the members of a particular society speak.
4. Social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior (Age-Grading).
5. According to Whorfian hypothesis Linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure.
6. In Marxist View Language and society may influence each other.
7. According to Chomsky, There is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure.
8. According to Hudson, a variety of language is „a set of linguistic items with similar social distribution‟
9. Abstand is a variety considered as a language, rather than a dialect, by virtue of being different in its linguistic characteristics.
10. Ausbau is a variety which derives its status as a language, not so much from its linguistic characteristics but from its social, cultural and political characteristics
11. Dialect is a language variety, spoken by a speech community, that is characterized by systematic features (e.g., phonological, lexical, grammatical) that distinguish it from other varieties of the same language.
12. Idiolect is the speech variety of an individual speaker.
13. Sociolect is a variety or lect which is thought of as being related to its speaker„s social background rather than geographical background.
14. Language choice is a careful selection of word, phrase, clause or sentence of another language within the speaker's linguistic repertoire.
15. Code Switching is a process in which the bilingual speakers shift back and forth between one language or a dialect and another language or dialect within the same conversation (Trudgill, 2003).
16. Borrowing is a process by which bilingual/multilingual speakers introduce words from one language into another language, and these words eventually become an integral part of the second language.
17. When code switching is constrained by where speakers happen to be, it can be called „domain-based‟ or „situational code switching‟.
18. Each of the code represents a set of social meanings is called metaphorical code switching.
19. Gender is more amorphous in nature and is subject to change with reference to context and time.
20. In recent times, media has emerged as a powerful constitutive agent of gender related ideas and notions.
21. Lakoff (1975) presented a set of basic assumptions about what marks out the language of women.
22. Dominance Theory is men are more likely to interrupt than women to show their dominance.
23. Difference Theory is many of the differences “arise because boys and girls grow up in what are essentially different cultures, so talk between women and men is cross- cultural communication”(Tannen, 1991)
24. Language Contact is used to apply to the situations where two or more groups of speakers who do not have a native language in common, are in social contact with each other or come into such contact”.
25. Pidgin is a variety of language without native speakers which arises in a language contact situation and operates as a lingua franca.
26. Pidgin language, later on, can have native speakers, but that pidgin is called creole.
27. Diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct languages
28. About 7000 languages are spoken in a world of about 200 nation states.
29. Bilingualism- for individuals, even if they are trilingual, quadrilingual, etc.
30. Trudgill - „the ability of an individual to speak two or more languages‟ (1992:13) .
31. Weinreich - „the practice of alternately using two languages‟.
32. Multilingual - For nations or societies, even if only two languages are involved.
33. Bilingual Competence- There is no clear definition of what it means to "speak a language”.

Lesson 23

1. Discourse is defined as „a stretch of language in use, of any length and in any mode, which achieves meaning and coherence for those involved.‟