ENG504 Final Term Past Papers Set 2

ENG504

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Second Language Acquisition

1. Applied Linguistics

Applied linguistics studies how language knowledge is used to solve real-life problems such as language teaching, translation, policy, and communication.

2. Learning

Learning is a process of acquiring knowledge, skills, or behavior through experience, study, or teaching. In language learning, it involves practice, exposure, and interaction.

3. Language Learning vs Language Acquisition

Learning: conscious, formal, classroom-based Acquisition: unconscious, natural, through exposure

4. First Language Acquisition

Children acquire language naturally without formal instruction. It is universal, fast, and follows fixed stages.

5. Second Language Learning

Learning another language after the first language. It is slower and influenced by age, motivation, and environment.

6. Behaviorist Theory

Language learning happens through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. Associated with B.F. Skinner.

7. Mentalist / Nativist Theory

Humans are born with an innate language ability called LAD (Language Acquisition Device). Proposed by Noam Chomsky.

8. Cognitive Theory

Language learning is linked with overall mental development and thinking ability.

9. Social Interactionist Theory

Language develops through interaction with parents, peers, and society.

10. Factors Affecting Language Learning

Age Motivation Intelligence Attitude Social environment Input and exposure

11. Motivation

Motivation drives learners to learn a language.

Integrative motivation: desire to join a community Instrumental motivation: for job, exams, success

12. Intelligence & Aptitude

Higher intelligence and language aptitude help in faster learning but are not the only factors.

13. Age Factor

Children learn pronunciation better, adults learn grammar faster.

14. Input Hypothesis (Krashen)

Learners acquire language when they understand slightly difficult input (i + 1).

15. Affective Filter Hypothesis

Emotions like fear and anxiety block language learning. Low stress improves learning.

16. Fossilization

Errors become permanent in second language learners.

17. Error vs Mistake

Error: due to lack of knowledge