ENG505 Midterm Short Notes Set 2

ENG505 · Short Notes · Lesson: 01

The era witnessed development in the diversified learning domains which include:

1. Individual Learners Preferences
2. Multiple Intelligences
3. Metacognition
4. Brain Based Learning

Lesson: 02

Approach

The level at which assumptions and beliefs about language and language learning are specified is called approach.

Method

The level at which theory is put into practice, and the decisions about skills and content to be taught and the order in which these will be taught are made is called method.

Technique

The level at which classroom procedures are described

Three principal views of language:

Structural Principal

Language as a system of structurally related elements i.e. grammar or translation

Functional Principle

Language as a tool to accomplish a certain function

Interactive Principle

Language as a vehicle for the creation and maintenance of social relations

Direct Method

Communicative language learning

Community language learning

Suggestopedia

Activity

Performance on the part of learner in the class room

Procedure

Practices and behaviors that operate in teaching language, includes techniques.

Lesson: 03

9Features of language Acquisition

1. Presence of language learning device (LAD)
2. Lacks evidence of grammatical errors
3. Learner notice if grammatical error
4. Learner can distinguish grammatical and ungrammatical

Features of language Learning

1. A product of experience
2. Controlled by the conditions
3. Variations in learning
4. Practice based

Features of Competence

1. Similar to concepts of Langue & Parole
2. Unconscious knowledge of grammar
3. Language knowledge is considered implicit

Features of Performance

1. Describe physical manifestations
2. Can be full of errors
3. Complex phenomena

Lesson: 04

Some examples of behaviorist theory are:

1. Drill/ Rote work
2. Repetitive practice
3. Bonus points (incentive to do more)
4. Participation point (incentive to participate)
5. Verbal reinforcement (such as ‘well done’)
6. Establishing rules

Key Features of Pavlovian conditioning:

1. Neutral Stimulus – Bell (Before conditioning)
2. Unconditioned Stimulus – Food (Before Conditioning)
3. 0Unconditioned Response – Salivate (Before Conditioning)
4. Conditioned Stimulus – Bell + Food (After conditioning)
5. Conditioned Response - Salivate (After Conditioning)
6. Extinction
7. Spontaneous Recovery

Bandura suggests, most of the human behavior is learned by observation.

1. Observing the behavior of others (models)
2. Using the information (imitate) as a guide for our own behavior
3. Reinforcement or punishment determines the behavior

Bandura proposed Four meditational processes;

Attention – Retention – Reproduction – Motivation

Lesson: 05

Skinner identified following three types of responses that can follow behavior:

1. Neutral Operant (No impact on behavior)

2. Reinforcer (Increases probability of behavior to be repeated)

3. Punisher (Decreases probability of behavior to be repeated)

Features of Mediation Theory:

1. Physical stimulus: reaction of a body (hear, see, touch or smell causes us to feel something)
2. Internal response: internalization
3. Internal stimulus: leads to internal stimulus – which is the thought in which you relate the stimulus to outward response
4. Outward response: visible or physical response that takes place due to the first response

The theory functions at three levels: (Mediation Theory)

1. Sensational Level: basic stimulus response reaction occurs
2. Perception Level: input occurs relating it to the past experiences
3. Representational Level: outward reaction, overt behavioral response to the word

The theory proposed three laws of learning: (Law of Effect Theory)

1. Law of Readiness: willingness crucial for learning
2. Law of Exercise: (a) the law of use and (b) the law of disuse
3. Law of Effect: pleasant outcomes strengthen connections and unpleasant ones weaken them.

Lesson: 06

MacNeill (1966) supported appropriateness of LAD and justifies its existence based on the following:

1. The ability to distinguish speech sounds from other sounds in the environment
2. The ability to organize linguistic data into various classes that can later be refined
3. Knowledge that only a certain kind of linguistic system is possible
4. The ability to engage in constant evaluation of the developing linguistic system so as to construct the simplest possible system out of the available linguistic input

Key features of transcendental idealism include:

Concepts without perceptions are empty Perceptions without concepts are blind It is true that all knowledge begins with experience It is not true that all knowledge arises from experience Phenomenal realm and Noumenal realm