ENG505 Important Terms

ENG505

➡️ Introduction to Approaches, Methods and Techniques

Language teaching approaches, methods, and techniques vary:

Approaches: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Task-Based Learning (TBL), Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) Methods: Grammar-Translation Method, Audiolingual Method, Eclectic Method Techniques: Role-plays, Group discussions, Authentic materials

➡️ interactive Method

The Interactive Method emphasizes learner engagement and communication:

Authentic materials Group work and discussions Encourages active participation and collaboration

Acquisition refers to subconscious language learning through exposure:

Acquisition: natural, intuitive, and effortless Learning: intentional, systematic, and effortful Acquisition focuses on receptive skills (listening, reading) Learning focuses on productive skills (speaking, writing)

➡️ Competence vs. Performance

Competence refers to underlying language knowledge:

Competence: linguistic potential Performance: linguistic actualization Competence encompasses knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and syntax Performance involves applying competence in real-life situations

➡️ Deductive vs. Inductive

Deductive approaches involve rule-based instruction:

Deductive: rule → example Inductive: example → rule Deductive approaches focus on explicit grammar instruction Inductive approaches emphasize discovery and inference

➡️ Behaviourism

Behaviourism views language learning as a result of external stimuli and reinforcement:

Pavlovian Conditioning: associative learning Classical Conditioning: stimulus-response Operant Conditioning: reinforcement and punishment Behaviourism emphasizes environment and external factors

➡️ Pavlovian Conditioning

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate bells with food:

Stimulus (bell) → Response (salivation) Associative learning through conditioning

➡️ Classical Conditioning

Associative learning through stimulus-response pairs:

Unconditioned Stimulus (food) → Unconditioned Response (salivation) Conditioned Stimulus (bell) → Conditioned Response (salivation)

➡️ Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura's theory: behavior, environment, and personality interact:

Behavior → Environment → Personality Reciprocal Determinism emphasizes dynamic interaction

➡️ Operant Conditioning

Skinner's theory: reinforcement and punishment shape behavior:

Behavior → Reinforcement/Punishment → Learning Operant Conditioning focuses on consequences of behavior

➡️ Mediation Theory

Cognitive processes mediate between stimulus and response:

Stimulus → Cognitive Process → Response Mediation Theory emphasizes cognitive factors

➡️ The Law Effect

Language learning influenced by cognitive and environmental factors:

Cognitive factors: attention, motivation, prior knowledge Environmental factors: instruction, feedback, social interaction

➡️ Generativism

Chomsky's theory: language acquisition driven by innate capacity:

Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Generativism emphasizes innate linguistic knowledge

➡️ Nativism and LAD

Chomsky's LAD proposes an innate language faculty:

Innate knowledge of language rules Poverty of the stimulus argument Nativism emphasizes biological basis of language acquisition

➡️ COGNITIVISM

Cognitivism emphasizes mental processes in learning:

Focuses on cognition, perception, attention, memory Emphasizes active processing, not passive reception Key figures: Piaget, Bruner, Ausubel

➡️ General Learning Theory and Principles

General Learning Theory explores how people learn:

Importance of motivation, attention, reinforcement Role of prior knowledge and experience