ENG506 Mega File Including Spring 2019 Past Q&A

Q. Redundancy and repetition with examples

Lexical repetition and redundancy

• An extra element in a sentence or phrase
• Regarded as a universal feature of spoken varieities

Repetition • A repeated occurrence of a linguistic item that may or may not be justified. „There were – some very good houses – rather old fashioned but good houses.‟ Repetition

• He sells different different things
• She cut it into small small pieces
• She drove slowly slowly
• I don‟t like this type of dress – all frill frill, gather gather

Reduplication The use of double words for one: Flower bouquet • Young kid • Cost price • Proceed to go on The use of two words for expressing one idea: „….for repairing or laying some sort of underground cables or lines‟ „….ever-growing and ever-increasing speeding traffic‟ „….without any obstruction and difficulty‟ Write a detail note on ‘Baby Talk’. It was Proposed in 1876 by Charles Leland. It Compares pidgin speakers to young children first learning to speak bc Similarities identified between early speech of children and certain pidgins. It Uses high proportion of content, lacks structural words, lacks of morphological change Approximation of standard pronunciation. The subordinate class was perceived as unable to master the dominant class‟s language so the Masters try to imitate their servants‟ incorrect speech patterns Results from intentional simplification of speech Q.

State the rationale of baby-talk theory?

• Similarities identified between early speech of children and certain pidgins:
• Use of a high proportion of content • Lack of structural words • Lack of morphological change
• Approximation of standard pronunciation

Q.

What is the role of English after world war-1.explain any two roles? By the 18th

century, three main forces were driving the direction of the English language: (1) to reduce the language to rule and effect a standard of correct usage; (2) to refine the language by removing supposed defects and introducing certain improvements; and (3) to fix English permanently in the desired form. This desire for system and regularity in the language contrasted with the individualism and spirit of independence characterized by the previous age.

Or Role of English after World War 1 (5) Topic: 28

•  Consolidation of English after WWI • Role as a mediating language • Spread through colonial cultural legacies • Expansion due to technological revolution.

Q.Contact Literature The literature written in these distinctive varieties of English is often called contact lit. Writers of contact literature deny that a non-English culture is inexpressible in English and argue that the cultural material in contact literature will stretch or reshape the expressive qualities of Eng. The rise of contact literature in English provides an opportunity to study the literary effort of international writers and to observe the vital process of language change. This change is of special interest to English teachers and students, since it is their language they are observing, and since the development it undergoes will make it a more sensitive and authentic vehicle for creative expression of consciousness in Western and non-Western cultures. Features of Contact Literature *Foreign influences on English These varieties undergo a process of localization • new cultural features *• types of discourse • linguistic features Creativity in contact literature

• Contact literatures exhibit national identity and a linguistic distinctiveness

Q. What is the distinction between English as a primary and secondary language with example? A. English as a primary and as a secondary language distinction

• English is used as a primary language by those who grow up in an English speaking environment
• English is used as a secondary language by those who use it for the purposes of business, education and diplomacy.

Q. What are some common misunderstandings about the success of a language as an international language? Here are few misunderstandings about the success of a language

1. Perceived aesthetic qualities 2. Clarity of expression 3. Literary power 4. Religious influence Simple structure and grammar

Q. Write a note on SLA theory constructionA. SLA Theory Construction

• Immigrants or foreign students in universities are used as sources of data
• Learners of English in the outer and expanding circles are overlooked
• Little awareness of the factors relevant to English language learning in these contexts
• Lack of relevance between SLA theories and world Englishes

How do English varieties integrate with SLA Paradigm? (Imp) The goal of SLA is to acquire native-like competence in the target language, i.e., be as proficient and fluent as a native speaker in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, and also in the sociocultural conventions of language use. The entire range and depth of input is or ought to be available to the learners so that they can achieve the goals of language acquisition defined above. What functions the target language serves in the learners‟ community is irrelevant to SLA. Learners‟ previous language(s) are not relevant to SLA except as a source of negative transfer, which is undesirable, or a source of positive transfer, which is acceptable. Success in SLA depends crucially upon integrative motivation, i.e., the desire to become a part of the sociocultural milieu of the native speakers of the target language. Q. Traditional SLA paradigm A. Challenge to traditional SLA paradigm

• Rejects the attainment of native-like competence as the English learning goal for all learners
• Native speakers not responsible for the standardization of English

Q. Explain Intangibility imp Intangibility is used in marketing to describe the inability to assess the value gained from engaging in an activity using any tangible evidence. It is often used to describe services where there is no tangible product that the customer can purchase, that can be seen or touched. Q. Explain accent The way you sound when you speak, Results from how, where, and when a person learned the language he/she speak and that is determined by where they live and what social groups they belong. Misunderstandings about the success of English as an international language.

• Perceived aesthetic qualities • Clarity of expression • Literary power • Religious influence
• Simple structure and grammar • Ease of learning • Few inflectional endings • Gender neutral

Q. Describe 3 context in which English used as official language in outer circle. IMP

•English is only one of two or more languages in the linguistic repertoire

• English enjoys an important status in the language policies
• It is either the official or a major government language

Names e.g. India, Pakistan, Singapore, Zambia, Nigeria. [IMP] Changing concept about SLA. Topic: 132 Changing SLA scenario Some scholars and linguists suggest the following:

• Inclusion of „indigenized language‟ as a type of acquisition in SLA typology
• New perspectives on SLA
• Acceptability of stable variations rather than treating them as errors
• Native speakers to be more tolerant and accepting
• Need to increase familiarity with international English
• SLA theories to consider research on the acquisition and use of IVEs
• SLA‟s limitations with regards to offering explanations with regard to learning English in outer and expanding circles.

Short note on Quantifier. Topic 92. We use quantifiers (much, little, few, a lot, little etc.) to talk about quantities, amounts and degrees. It generally comes before a noun or noun phrase. Lexifer Locally coined words and expressions. Considered the creativity of New English speakers by many world Englishes scholars. The dominant language of a pidgin or creole that serves as the basis for most of its vocabulary Lack of motivation for learning other than English. Linguistic Complacency means being satisfied with one‟s lang and lack of motivation for learning other lang. The following factors in involved in lingic complacency.

• Lack of money • Lack of opportunity • Lack of interest

Misunderstanding about native language. Misunderstandings caused by the term „native language:

• It is Considered standard • It is Spoken by all people • Is considered superior
• Represents a good model for English language speakers in other countries.

Advantages of the term ‘expert’ IMP

• Expertise is not identity • Expertise is learned not innate • Expertise is relative
• Expertise is partial • Expertise goes through testing and evaluation

disadvantages of using the term "expert" for a native speaker IMP

• Implies value judgement when contrasted with non-expert. (there is only one)

Describe native nonnative divide with respect to ELT. 3 marks

Native speakerism and economic exploitation.

• Internationally most of the jobs are reserved for native English speaking teachers.
• Most text books are published by native English publishers.
• Teaching methods are introduced by native theorists and practitioners.

Function & uses of article A singular countable noun must be preceded by an article

1. a/an: with a singular countable noun indicates the generic nature of the noun e.g. A horse runs very fast.

2. The: with both singular and plural countable nouns indicate the specific nature of the noun e.g. The boys are naughty. The boy is tall.

Advantage of English speaker over non 5 marks

• Native speakers are a preference for English language teaching
• Considered superior to non-native English language teachers Native speaker criteria
• Exposure to the language from early childhood • Use of English as a first language/home language
• Intuitive knowledge of the structure of the language • Creative use of the language Native Non Native

Those who have “internalized” a language rather than learning it deliberately Non Native speakers deliberately learn a language

English is their mother tongue English is not their mother tongue Pidgins 3 marks It is the product of a multilingual contact situation in which those who wish to communicate must find or improvise a simple language system that will enable them to do so. Language contact •A linguistic and social phenomenon •speakers of different languages interact with one another

• This results in transfer of linguistic features • A reduced variety of a language
• Results from extended contact between groups of people with no language in common
• Arises to fulfill the restricted communication needs of such people

Rules of Pidgin lexis:

1. Lengthy coding of concepts for example bilong (of) = belong, papa bilong me = my father etc. 2. Reduplication i.e. to intensify meaning example tok = talk, toktok = chatter, looklook = stare. 3. Reduplication to avoid confusion example sip = ship, sipsip = sheep etc.