ENG507 Final Term Solved Papers

ENG507

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Phonetics and Phonology Q. spectrogram help to know about bilabial sound.....2 [The most favourite of VU; V.V.IMP for 2 marks questions. They are asking about stops or bilabial or approximants.]

•  Voiced - vertical striations corresponding to the vibrations of the vocal folds
•  Bilabial - locus of both second and third formants comparatively low
•  Alveolar - locus of second formant about 1700–1800 Hz.
•  Velar - usually high locus of the second formant
•  Retroflex - general lowering of the third and fourth formants
•  Stop - gap in pattern (with burst for voiceless and sharp formant beginning for voiced stops)
•  Fricative - random noise pattern in higher frequency regions
•  Nasal - formant structure similar to that of vowels (with formants at 250, 2500, and 3250)
•  Lateral - formant structure similar to that of vowels (with formants at 250, 1200, and 2400)
•  Approximant - formant structure similar to that in vowels, usually changing

Q. Memory for Speech [Another favourite of VU; V.V.IMP for 2 marks questions. They ask it for speaking style, sound change or any one of them.]

The role of the memory for speech under the exemplar theory suggests that many instances of each word are stored in memory and their phonetic variability is memorized rather than computed. The main postulates of the concepts are given here:

•  Language universal features: Broad phonetic classes (e.g., aspirated vs. unaspirated) derive from physiological constraints on speaking or hearing, but their detailed phonetic definitions are arbitrary—a matter of community norms.
•  Speaking styles: No one style is basic (from which others are derived), because all are stored in memory. Bilingual speakers store two systems.
•  Generalization and productivity: Exemplar theory says that generalization is also possible within productivity. Interestingly, productivity—the hallmark of linguistic knowledge in the phonetic implementation approach—is the least developed aspect of the exemplar theory.
•  Sound change: Sound change is phonetically gradual and operates across the whole lexicon. It is a gradual shift as new instances keep on adding.

Q. Primary set of Cardinal Vowels

The primary set includes eight vowels in total (from 1 to 8); the front unrounded vowels [i, e, ε, a], the back unrounded vowel [ɑ] and the rounded back vowels [ɔ, o, u].Symbol was given and we had to write the lip jaw and tongue position.

Q. What specific terms are used for the consonants cluster Cc and ccc in syllable? (2)

Consonant sequences are called clusters (e.g., CC – two consonants or CCC – three consonants). Most of the phonotactic analyses are based on the syllable structures and syllabic templates.

Q. How many syllables in word minimization, separate with hyphens. 2

/mɪ. nɪ. maɪ. zeɪ. ʃ(ə)n/ CV.CV.CV.CV.CVC It has 5 syllables

Q. Define syllable.

A unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word; e.g., there are two syllables in water and three in inferno.

Q. In what way Voice Onset time is related to the aspirated sounds? 2

In order to understand VOT, the three types of plosive sounds are to be explained – voiced, voiceless and a voiceless aspirated sound. Most aspirated (largest positive VOT) at the top to most voiced (largest negative VOT) at the bottom. The Navajo aspirated stops have a very large VOT value that is quite exceptional (150 MS).

Q. How pitch is calculated by looking at the waveform

Zoom into a small piece of the waveform in the middle of the vowel and measure the period by highlighting one complete cycle and noting the time associated with it (in the panel above the waveform).

Q. How to boundary removes in Praat software.

To remove a boundary that you have made - Highlight the boundary - Go to Boundary > Remove OR click Alt+backspace.

Q. Two main categories of language

Languages of the world are; divided into two broad categories: stress timed language and syllable timed languages.

Q. What are three formants help in distinguishing vowel from each other?

The lowest three formants distinguish vowels from each other

Q. How could I get findings while doing research on Pakistan regional language? (2)

Pakistani regional languages are the part of the rich linguistic regions. (Himalaya Hindu Kush (HKH) region, one of the richest regions in the world linguistically and culturally) may be very potential area for research in the fields of areal and typological linguistics (description of linguistic features cross linguistically). While working on Pakistani regional languages, one may apply for funding from international organizations (e.g., organization for endangered languages and UNISCO).

Q. Which phonetic branch is dependent on the use of instruments? 2

The latest trends under experimental phonetics include brain functions in speech production and processing (by using the latest equipment – many special instruments such as x-ray techniques)