ENG508 Final Term Notes Set 2 by VUBuddy

Paper Pattern: 32 MCQs; 8 Questions of 3 Marks & 4 Questions of 5 Marks

Time Duration: 120 minutes.

Syllabus: Lesson 23-43 (Topics 115-225)

1. Synonymous words can be used in place of one another, corpora can show that it is not common for words to be readily substitutable for one another
2. LoCastro (2012) highlights a speech variable found in an individual‘s speech in Australia and the U.K., i.e. women may drop their h‘s.
3. which of the two news caption is inapropriat

i.

1. At 3 a.m onsundy ,fire department evacuated people from center of squre and near the building

ii.

2. As consern fire department evacuated people from center of squre and near the building at 3 am.on Sunday.

Q. Enlist 5 example of scale?

Numerals (< … three, two, one>), modals (<necessarily, possibly>, <must, should, may>), connectives (<and, or>), adverbs (<always, often, sometimes>), degree adjectives (<hot, warm>) and verbs of ranking (<know, believe>, <love, like>) or completion (<start, finish >).

Q. non Western perspective on the gender and usage of language?

According to Ide and Inoue (1991), Japanese women of higher social status tend to use more elaborated honorifics to signal beauty, grace, and dignity. Ide(2005) uses the term ―beautification‖ honorifics, a form of gendered language use that, in her view, does not correlate with dominance in Japan.

It has been observed in India and Pakistan that English is used as a dominant language in the elite class which shows that this class is influenced by western culture. Errington states that language is sometimes ―gender-neutral‖ in Asian Culture. Examples of the gender-neutral features are: The lack of gender marking with articles, or morphemes on nouns; specific lexemes like ―human‖ or ―person‖ are not marked for feminine or masculine. The local greeting is how many ―older and younger siblings do you have‖ rather than how many ―brothers and sisters do you have‖ (Atkinson and Errington 1990).

Q. conditins for promise 3

When the speaker promises to do something, there are two preparatory conditions: First, the event will not happen by itself. Second, the event will have a beneficial effect.

Q. Conditions for warning

When the speaker utters a warning, there are the following preparatory conditions: It is not clear that the hearer knows the event will occur. The speaker does think the event will occur. The event will not have a beneficial effect.

Q. describe Macro function of languages?

Brown and Yule (1983) describe the ‗transactional‘ functions and the ‗interactional‘ function of language. The „transactional‟ is the function which language serves in the expression of content and the transmission of factual information. The „interactional‟ is the function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes, showing solidarity and maintaining social cohesion.

At the extreme end of the interactional is „phatic communion‟ - language with no information content used purely to keep channels of communication open. Brown and Yule pointed out that much of the everyday human interaction is characterized by the primary interpersonal rather than the primarily transactional use of language.

Q.kinds of seqences 3

pre-sequences, insertion sequences, and opening and closing sequences.

Q. note on the concept of freindliness n solidarity in politness with examples

Solidarity strategy is the tendency to use positive politeness, emphasizing closeness between the speaker and the hearer. It will include personal information, use of nicknames, sometimes even abusive terms (particularly among males), and shared dialect or slang expressions. A solidarity strategy will be marked via inclusive terms such as ‗we‘ and ‗let‘s‘, for example in the party invitation as in: ‗Come on, let‘s go to the party. Everyone will be there. We‘ll have fun‘.

Q. driving force behind the Grice, s work

The fact that ―what we literally say and what we clearly mean often differ is intuitively obvious but difficult to describe or explain systematically‖ was the driving force behind Grice‘s work. He was interested in developing a systematic explanation of how and why literal and intended meaning differs. Implicatures are context-dependent

Q. cognative pragmatics 3

According to Bruno G.Bara (2010), Cognitive pragmatics focuses on the mental states and, to some extent, the mental correlates of the participants of a conversation. The mental processes of human communication are based on three fundamental concepts: cooperation, sharedness, and communicative intention. These three fundamentals were proposed by Grice in 1975, though each has since been refined by other scholars.

The cooperative nature of communication is justified by the evolutionary perspective through which the cooperative reasoning underlying a conversation is explained. Sharedness accounts for the possibility of comprehending nonstandard communication such as deceit, irony, and figurative language (Bruno G.Bara, 2010).

Q. Chomsky work

Most of Chomsky‘s work within linguistics is directed towards understanding the organizing principles of grammar which underlie such facts, with an emphasis on explaining rather than simply cataloguing and describing. Generative Grammar is also a term introduced by Noam Chomsky. This work on the nature and acquisition of grammar has to be supplemented with an account of the acquisition of individual lexical items. Such as the word ‗cat‘ somehow links the speech sounds /kæt/ to a certain concept.

Chomsky describes Descartes‘ view of language use, which he shares, as follows: ‗Normal human speech is unbounded, free of stimulus control, coherent and in the same way – what we might call the creative aspect of language use.‘ appropriate, evoking thoughts that the listener might have expressed. He thinks; pragmatics, systematic study of the use of language, is pointless or impossible.

Q. Make sentence of face saving

1. Could you pass me that paper‘ or
2. I‘m dying for a drink.
3. Yes, it‘s really hot. Isn‘t it?‘

Q. Whats is 'demonstrative Explain.

A group of indexical words or phrases that are used to refer, include this, that, these and those (in English). These words are used to make demonstrative phrases, for example, this pen, that car, these keys, those penguins (Allott, 1988). Demonstratives are often accompanied by a gesture that demonstrates the object referred to, pointing, or gazing at the object, i.e. ‗that boy‘.

As with other indexical, the referent of a demonstrative must be worked out to know what proposition the speaker is expressing. The particular demonstrative used restricts the search for referents, in subtle ways. If there is one book on a table the speaker may refer to it with ‗this book‘ or ‗that book‘,

But if it is the nearer of two, then ‗this book‘ is preferred, except if both books are nearer the hearer, when again ‗that book‘ is acceptable. In English and other languages, the demonstratives encode a two-way proximal/distal distinction, but other languages have a three way or four-way distinction. For space deixis, demonstratives are frequently used for discourse deixis, as in: ―I am glad you told me that‖ and ―This is what I‘ll be talking about today‖.

Q. on what grounds social construction based.

Social constructionism is based on the assumption that gender, like identity, is not a fixed characteristic of human beings.

Q. Grice's claim of predominent principal of human interaction?

Communicative Principle of Relevance is an attempt to work out one of Grice‘s central claims that an essential feature of most human communication, both verbal and non-verbal, is the expression and recognition of intentions. We keep on producing stimuli which gain other people‘s attention and thus lay the ground for communication. It is the tendency to maximize relevance that makes it possible to predict and manipulate the mental states of others knowing your tendency to pick out the most relevant inputs.

Q. Heritage (1984) view about the understanding of a speakers action

To Heritage (1984), a speaker‘s action is context-shaped in that its contribution to an ongoing sequence of actions cannot be understood except by reference to the context. This contextualization of utterances is a major and unavoidable procedure which hearers use to rely on to interpret conversational contributions.

Q. Why third person not marked grammatically in discourse communication

Usually, the third person is not grammatically marked, because the only two persons of importance are the first person and the second person. It is possible to have deictic pronouns for the third person as in:

There is, in English, a potential ambiguity in the uses which allows two different interpretations. There is an exclusive ‗we‘ (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee), and, Inclusive ‗we‘ (speaker and addressee included). For instance, the inclusive-exclusive distinction may also be noted in the difference between saying, ‗Let‘s go‘ (to some friends), and, ‗Let us go‘ (to someone who has captured the speaker and friends. The action of going is inclusive in the first, but exclusive in the second.

Q. Preferred and not preferred

Adjacency pairs represent social actions, and not all social actions are equal when they occur as second parts of some pairs, for example, [a question], [a partial answer], [a statement of ignorance], [a denial of the relevance of the question.], [a denial of its presupposition.]. For instance: [What does Joe do for a living?], [Do you need to know?], [Oh, this and that.], [I‘ve no idea.], [What‘s that got to do with it?], [He does not do anything.]

A first part that contains a request or an offer has an expectation that the second part will be an acceptance; structurally more likely than refusal. This structural likelihood is called preference. Technically, preference is an