ENG508 Final Term Subjective 2025

ENG508 Final Subjective

2K25

Enlist the procedure involved in the empirical research design.

Very often empirical research of this sort tries to determine whether there is a significant, as opposed to a chance, association between two variables. For example: whether there is a significant association between age and understanding of indirect speech acts as demonstrated by the compliance with indirect requests.

Strong Implicature?

Strong implicature is a communicated implication of an utterance which is the main communicative point of the utterance. The idea is that sometimes a speaker intends that her hearer grasp a particular implication without which the utterance would not be relevant. Strong implicature is implicature that is related directly by the spoken utterances or is that premises and conclusions which the hearer is strongly encouraged but not actually forced to supply.

Quality and relation maxim?

Grice identified the Cooperative Principle as a ‗super principle ‘or a ‗supreme principle ‘(1989) that he generalized from four conversational ‗maxims ‘. He identifies these maxims as follow:

Maxim of quantity – says that speaker should be as informative as is required. They should give neither too little information nor too much.

Maxim of Quality – information provided in conversation to be genuine and justified.

Maxim of relation – says that speakers are assumed to be saying something that is relevant to what has been said before.

Maxim of manner – says that we should be brief and orderly, and avoid obscurity and ambiguity.

Grice said that hearers assume that speakers observe the cooperative principle and that it is the knowledge of the maxims that allows hearers to draw inferences about the speakers ‘intentions and applied meaning.

Metaphor and Synecdoche?

Metaphor is a type of figurative speech. Typically, a metaphor ascribes to an entity a property that it does not, strictly and literally speaking, possess, although not all metaphors fit this definition. Metaphors are not restricted to any particular type of word or phrase (Allott, 1988). The metaphorical element of a sentence can be a noun phrase, as in ‗John is an iceberg. ‘Verbs can also be used metaphorically, as in ‗Flintoff drilled the ball to the boundary. ‘

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which an expression that denotes the part of something is used to refer to the whole. For example, ‗mouth ‘in ‗I‘ve got six hungry mouths to feed‘. For example: ‗willow ‘for cricket bat in such phrases as ‗to wield the willow ‘(Allott, 1988).

Give two examples for making promise?

Here are two examples of making a promise:

1. "I'll meet you at the library at 3 pm tomorrow."
2. " Don't worry, I'll finish the project by the end of the week."

These statements commit the speaker to a specific action or outcome, making them promises.

Co-textual Context?

The context of the text itself is known as co-text. For example, ‗She is talking to her boss. ‘We see, in this example ‗her ‘is pointing back to ‗She ‘. The words used in the conversation give enough knowledge about ‗what has been mentioned before? and what is going to be ‘? The cotext of a word is the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence. Co-text limits the range of possible interpretations we might have for a word. Consider a complicated example to understand co-textual context. ‗She met (her) school teacher.

‘We get two situations here: First, ‗She ‘may have been used for a mother who met school teacher of ‗her ‘(her daughter). Secondly, ‗She ‘may have been used for a lady who met her own teacher. ‗I met a boy who was very brilliant. ‘In this example, ‗who ‘is pointing back to ‗the boy whom I met ‘. With the analysis of previous examples, we can say, Co-Textual Context cannot be ignored in pragmatics to interpret the meaning of the text. Co-textual context can be in a sentence or within sentences.

Maxim violation?

Maxim violation is unostentatiously, quiet deceiving. Violating the maxim Quantity – Husband: How much did that new dress cost? Wife: Less than the last one. Here, the wife covers up the price of the dress by not saying how much; thus, not giving the required information to the husband and violating maxim of quantity.

Violating the maxim Quality – Considering the same example, the wife when asked ‗How much did that new dress cost? ‘It could have violated the maxim of quality by not being sincere and giving him the wrong information i.e. thirty-five hundred rupees.

Violating the maxim relation – Similarly, in answer to ‗How much did that new dress cost? the wife tries to distract him and change the topic saying: I know, let ‘s go out tonight. Now, where would you like to go? This shows the violation of the maxim of relation.

Violating the maxim manner – In answer to ‗How much did that new dress cost? ‘, if she said that ‗a tiny fraction of my salary, though probably a bigger fraction of the salary of the women that sold it to me ‘, Hoping that it could be taken as an answer and the matter could be dropped. It is, thus, like the wife answers the question in a way that could be said to be violating the maxim of manner, in that she says everything except what the husband wants to know.

Deictic Center?

Deictic Center is when we hear a deictic, we typically make a number of assumptions about the context. For instance, when we hear an utterance like ‗The postbox is on the left ‘we have to decide whether the postbox is on the left in relation to the speaker or the hearer. The default deictic center is the speaker ‘s location at the time of utterance.