ENG508 Midterm Solved Papers Set 3

ENG508

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Semantics and Pragmatics Metaphors are not restricted to any particular type of word or phrase (Allott, 1988). The metaphorical element of a sentence can be a noun phrase, as in ‗John is an iceberg.‘ Verbs can also be used metaphorically, as in ‗Flintoff drilled the ball to the boundary.

Q. What Is the Perfect Aspect? (with Examples)

The perfect aspect (or complete aspect as it's sometimes called) is the aspect of a verb which expresses a completed action. Perfect aspect is the term for verbs in a perfect tense. Examples of Verbs in the Perfect Aspect We had seen. I had cleaned. She had drunk. How does traditional logic concerns with semantics Traditional logic is also concerned with semantics as some of its proposals range from simple syllogism to highly complex logical syntax. Logic makes use of concepts found in ordinary language (‗and‘, ‗or‘, etc.).

Q. Social pragmatic

Social pragmatics which focuses on various aspects of the relationship between language use and more general social and cultural factors. Social pragmatics is common with the fields such as conversational analysis and discourse analysis.

Q. Tense and aspects

Tense is a category which allows a speaker to relate situations to time. EG they will cut the grass tomorrow‘ is future tense. Aspect System allows the speaker to relate situation andtime, and to view an event in various ways: as complete or incomplete. Aspects have to do not with the location of an event in time, but with its temporal distribution or contour).

For example: She is coming.‘ (incomplete), ‗She has come.‘ (complete).

Q. Define signifier, signified and sign or differentiate. (imp)

Signifier: Any material thing that signifies, e.g., words on a page, a facial expression, an image.

Signified: The concept that a signifier refers to Together, the signifier and the signified make up a meaning.

Sign: The smallest unit of meaning. Anything that can be used to communicate

Lexical devices help to maintain cohesion in the text; i.e. Repetition, Synonyms, Subordinates,and General words. Consider an example, ‗I met a person who believes in Allah, Prophets, HolyBooks, Angels and the Day of Judgement.‘ The alternate sentence can be ‗I met a Muslim.‘ Ofall the lexical cohesion devices, the most common form is repetition; repeated words or wordphrases, threading through the text. Substitution and Ellipsis avoid repetition; lexical repetitionexploits it for stylistic effect. Synonym is; instead of repeating the same exact words, a speakeror writer can use another word that means the same or almost the same.

Q. Explain compositionality principal

This theory says that the meaning of a piece of language is based solely on the meaning of its parts, and the way they are put together. With this theory we come to know that semantics has a very strong relation with syntax. To understand the structure of a sentence we need to have enough knowledge about its components such as noun, verb, adjective etc.

Q. Write a brief note on cataphoric expression.

Cataphoric expressions link forward to a referent in the text that follows. This type is opposite to anaphora

Q. COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE

The cooperative principle is a principle of conversation that was proposed by Grice 1975, stating that participants expect that each will make a “conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange.” Relevance theory is the study of how the assumption of relevance holds texts together meaningfully.

Q. how cognitive and communicative theory relates to relevance theory?

Any external stimulus or internal representation which provides an input to cognitive processes may be relevant to an individual at some time. Utterances raise expectations of relevance, not because speakers are expected to obey a cooperative Principle and maxims, but because the search for relevance is a basic feature of human cognition.

Q. Communicative Principle of Relevance

It is an attempt to work out one of Grice’s central claims that an essential feature of most human communication, both verbal and non-verbal, is the expression and recognition of intentions. We keep on producing stimuli which gain other people’s attention and thus lay the ground for communication. It is the tendency to maximize relevance that makes it possible to predict and manipulate the mental states of others knowing your tendency to pick out the most relevant inputs.

Q. Proposition define with example

Proposition is a declarative sentence, when uttered to make a statement, that is, to say something true or false, about some state of affairs in the external world. The word proposition has come from philosophy and is the lowest level of lang. Propositions are words that exist in the lexicon and have a meaning. A sentence is a group of abstract grammatical elements obtained from utterances. A well-formed string of words put together by the grammatical rules of language (Huang, 2014). The sentence is some higher level of lang, it may have many propositions. When a proposition is combined with grammar, it becomes a sentence. We can saythat a sentence is a complete expression while proposition is partial.