ENG509 Midterm Short Handouts File 2 by Sir Zahid

ENG509 SHORT HANDOUTS · MIDTERM · Lesson 06 to 10 · ENG509 Morphology and Syntax

EFFORT BY VUHELPERS24 TEAM REGARDS : SIR ZAHID: VU-All-(Bs English Group) Click

(JOIN NOW) · Lesson 06 · Words & Its Relatives: Derivation: I · Topic 31: Relationships between lexemes - Derivation: I

What determines the appearance of -s, -ed, or -ing in words like "perform"?

Grammatical factors determine the choice of these suffixes in appropriate contexts.

Why is "performance" not formed with -ance as a grammatical requirement?

There's no grammatical factor requiring the presence of -ance on "performance."

Is the suffix -ance considered inflectional?

No, it's derivational because it's not inflectional.

How do you define derivational morphology?

Derivational morphology includes all aspects of word structure involving affixation that are not inflectional.

What's the relationship between "perform" and "performance"?

It's a relationship between lexemes, not word forms.

What are the factors that determine the appearance of -s, -ed, or -ing in words like "perform"?

Grammatical factors, specific to appropriate contexts, determine the choice between "perform," "performs," and "performed."

Topic 32: Word classes and conversion

How is the word class to which a lexeme belongs determined?

Mainly by its meaning, but this can be incorrect in some cases.

What's an example of a word class determined by meaning that doesn't work well?

" Perform" and "performance" seem related by meaning but belong to different word classes.

Can a lexeme have both noun and verb forms?

Yes, some roots have both noun and verb forms.

What are examples of ambivalent words?

" Wish," "desire," "father," "hope," and "fear."

How can verbs change classes without overt changes in form?

They can be "converted" from one class to another without changing their shape.

How can verbs change classes without overt changes in form, and why might relying on meaning as a criterion be problematic?

Verbs can change classes through a process known as conversion, where their basic form remains unchanged, but they may take on a different grammatical function. Relying solely on meaning for classification can be problematic because, in some cases, it doesn't account for the syntactic and inflectional evidence that justifies the classification.

Topic 33: Adverbs derived from adjectives

Do all adverbs end in -ly?

No, simple adverbs like "often" and "never" don't end in -ly.

What are some common adverbs formed by conversion?

" Fast" (as in "driven fast") and "hard" (as in "worked hard") are examples.

Topic 34: Nouns derived from nouns

What are some derivational processes for creating nouns from nouns?

Examples include "-let," "-ess," "-er," "-ship," "-hood," and "-ist."

Why don't all nouns in -ity follow a predictable pattern?

Some nouns in -ity are exceptions because they don't correspond directly to the adjectival forms.

What are some suffixes used to derive nouns from adjectives?

"-ity," "-ness," and "-ism" are examples.

Topic 35: Adjectives derived from adjectives

What does the suffix -ish indicate when added to adjectives?

It means "somewhat X," such as in "greenish."

What are some prefixes used to create negative adjectives?

" Un-," "il-," "ir-," and "im-" are used to create negative adjectives.

Topic 36: Verbs derived from verbs

What are some common prefixes for verbs that denote reversal or negation?

" Re-," "un-," "de-," and "dis-" are used for this purpose.

What's an example of causative verb-pairs formed through conversion?

" Boil" and "unboil," where "un-" negates the action.