ENG510 Final Term Solved Papers by 2nd Batch

Reemphasizing their idea, to ensure that they have conveyed to the listener exactly what they wanted to convey. This process is known as ____. ----repetition Short, pithy sayings that reflect the accumulated wisdom, prejudices, and superstitions of the human race are known as_____. ---- Proverbs Which of the following is the major determining factor in the use of terms of address? -----

culture

In Urdu language, pānishāni is _____ phenomenon. ---- Reduplication The sentence, 'kitna khubsurat scene hai' is an example of ___ type of mixing. ----noun As far as folklore in Pakistan is concerned, there is a lot of oral literature available in the ____languages of Pakistan. ---- regional General practices of _____ in Pakistan are also reflected in names and tittles. ----code mixing Which of the following is a resultant process of frequent code mixing? ----language

hybirdization

Which of the following can help people in establishing interpersonal relationship? -----greetings There are ____ types of descent involved in kinship. ---3 Define Reduplication. Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. Define Ethnography of communication. Hymes is best known for his founding role in the ethnography of communication. He proposed the term „ethnography of speaking‟. But later he amended it to „ethnography of communication‟. It was a new approach to understanding language in use. Ethnographies of communication must „discover and explicate the competence that enables members of a community to conduct and interpret speech‟. The exploration and documentation of communicative competence within a speech community is the essence of the ethnography of communication. As a means to this end, Hymes defines the social units and units of analysis for ethnographies of communication. Impacts of language contact. In the context of multilingualism issues of linguistic identity and relevant social issues emerge; and language contact in the social network of multilingual society makes it a very complicated situation. In other words there are various social and cultural push and pull forces that operate on various contact languages. As far as the impact of language contact is concerned, it becomes evident in various forms such as code switching, code mixing, language-shift and language desertion. Define Diglossia. Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language there is a very divergent, highly codified superposed variety. Ferguson's definition of diglossia: “The vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation”. Issues of language identity in Pakistan. Name the discipline that should be related to sociolinguistics. Two basic perspectives on the study of language are the following:

1. Anatomy of Language (Structure)
2. Physiology of Language (Functioning)

Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations and context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language. It shares the general goal with a lot of other disciplines. In its broad goal of describing language and its High and Low varieties of language. Define. High and low refer to the varieties of the same language used in different situations. Low is the non-standard form spoken by regular people in their everyday lives. High is the standard and/or upper variety that is used in official situations and as the written form. High/low distinction is used when the standard variety of the language differs significantly from its colloquial dialects. Sometimes the difference between the high and low varieties is so big that the language has become diglossic. That's the case for example with Arabic and Swiss German. Everyday speech spoken by Arabs and German-speaking Swiss people are local dialects and thus low varieties but their written language as well as the language spoken in official situations is the high variety, in Switzerland High German, and in the Arab countries Standard Arabic. High and low varieties are said to have their own domains where they are used. They represent the same language but the choice between them is determined by social settings. Horizontal and Vertical Channels. It is very important for sociolinguists to have a sense of what the patterns of associations are between people who are friends or roughly social equals within a community. This is because the diffusion of linguistic change happens relatively fast and very efficiently along what we might call horizontal channels e.g., within one age group and a social cohort. What we might call vertical channels e.g., channels between generations or across big social divides are a comparatively slow and inefficient means of transmitting innovation. So, it is common knowledge that kids talk like their friends, not their parents. Explain Linguistic Imperialism. English is playing a fundamental role in the promotion of global inequalities and structures of dependency. Phillipson refers to it as linguicism, and asserts, “the ideologies and structures which are used to legitimate, effectuate and reproduce an unequal division of power and resources (both material and non-material) between groups which are defined on the basis of their language i.e., of their mother tongue.” He calls it linguistic imperialism and states, “an essential constituent of imperialism as a global phenomenon involving structural relations between rich and poor countries in a world characterized by inequality and injustice.” According to Phillipson, imperialism is a type of relationship whereby “one society or collective in more general terms can dominate another” and which manifests itself in a variety of ways: economically, politically, militarily, culturally and socially. Issues in primary education in Pakistan. Issues related to primary education in Pakistan include low level of public investment as public expenditure on education has been 2.2 percent of GNP in recent years. There has been more focus of funds on higher education. Another issue is of lower income class and particularly it is related to the issues of private education where there is always a compromise on quality. Role of English in Law, Politics and Government in Pakistan. English has dominated the political and official landscape in Pakistan as in other developing countries for a long time as the language for development. It is also the language of government, law, and politics. English as a language of government has an everyday usage at higher levels and for official documentation as well as for formal meetings. As far as English as a language of law is concerned, it has a colonial heritage; and the availability of legal documents is mostly in only English language. When it comes to English as language of politics the emblematic status of English due to its historical association with the elite has helped in making