ENG510 Midterm Solved Papers Set 2

ENG510

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Sociolinguistics Q. Define isogloss.

An isogloss, also called a heterogloss, is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature,

Q. language desertion

Language desertion is the act of deserting, or willful abandonment. Language desertion or code desertion is a term that refers to the phenomenon of abandoning the use of one language in favour of another which may ultimately result in the death of the deserted language.

Q. Decrlisation

This happens when a creole is spoken in a country where other people speak the creole's lexical source-language for example, English. Since the latter has so much more prestige than the creole, creole speakers tend to shift towards it, producing a range of intermediate varieties.

Q. Linguistic Exogamy

There is a rule that if you are listening to someone whom you respect, at least for the first few minutes, you should repeat after them, word-for-word, everything they say. For instance, it would be surprising if any of the languages concerned lacked a word for long-house' or `tribe', and we might reasonably expect a word for `phratry'. The main source of this complexity is the rule of 'linguistic exogamy', which might not be expected to be very widespread in the world. However, the other source is the amount of individual bilingualism (or, more accurately, multilingualism), which makes it hard to decide who is a speaker of a given language and who is not.

Q. Application of sociolinguistic

A sociolinguist might determine through the study of social attitudes that particular vernacular would not be considered appropriate language use in a business or professional setting. Sociolinguists might also study grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, and other aspects of a sociolect, much as dialectologists would study the same for a regional dialect.

Q. social class:

Social class is a central concept in sociolinguistic research, one of the small number of social variables by which speech communities are stratified. Trudgill(1974) asserts, “most members of our society have some kind of idea, intuitive or otherwise, of what social class is,” and both specialists and laypeople agree. Social class is often defined in an ad hoc way which is very ironic because it is a very important variable in sociolinguistic studies. Despite the lack of a consensus of definition of social class, it is a significant term in Sociolinguistics.

Q. Contact language (3)

Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics. Sometimes unrelated languages that are typical of creole language formation come in contact. There are some constraints on the outcomes of language contact other than the principle of localisation. A constraint relates to the aspect of space. Another constraint is concerned with speaker’s attitudes. Another constraint is of social factors. Yet another is social rigidity in which an innovation is being introduced. So, language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena, including language convergence, borrowing and relexification. The most common products are pidgins, creoles, codeswitching, and mixed languages. So, language contact is not as free as it seems to be.

Q. What are the official languages in pakistan? (3)

Urdu is the official language. But it is not the first language of the majority. Urdu is written in a modified version of the Persian script, from right to left. It is not indigenous to Pakistan and in its literary form it emphasizes words of Persian and Arabic origin. It enjoys great prestige as a symbol of the Pakistan movement and as the national language of Pakistan. The greatest concentration of speakers of Urdu is in Punjab and Karachi. If within the hierarchy of languages English comes on the top, second position goes to Urdu. Urdu is preferred against all the regional and local languages for use in all the formal situations, though with the passage of time English is taking its place in the formal sphere of life. In spite of its status as the national language, however, only a few percent of Pakistanis speak Urdu as their first language.

Q. Write any three effects to change the language.(3)

1. Grammar may be on a road to extinction in the brave new world of emoticons, texts, tweets,
2. Internet chat-rooms and social networking sites are encouraging children to write syntactically incorrect sentences.
3. From the introduction of new words to new meanings for old words to changes in the way we communicate, social media is making its presence felt.
4. Acronyms, abbreviations, and neologisms have grown up around technologically mediated communication to help us be understood.

Here are some examples of acronyms such as:

LOL = laughing out loud

TGIF=Thank God it’s Friday

Q. Code switching and code mixing.

Code Switching

Code Mixing

Alternation between varieties or codes, across sentences or clause boundaries. Alternation between languages or variaties within a clause or phrase. Example: Very soon I’ll be a big star in Bollywood; mein naumeed nehin houngi. (Urdu/English) Example: Have aqua please (Spanish/ English)