ENG511 Final Term Compilation by Ameer

(ENG 511) Final TERM FILE COMPILE BY · AMEER in Easy concepts... · Q. Define language learning. (Imp)

Language learning is an active process that begins at birth and continues throughout life. Language learning means understanding and using a new language through studying, practicing, and getting help from teachers or books. Unlike how children naturally learn their first language, language learning usually needs effort, time, and proper teaching in a classroom or with a guide.

In simple it means learning language through deliberate efforts and practice.

Q. Define language shock. ( imp)

Language shock is the feeling of confusion and discomfort a person has when they are in a place where a new language is spoken. It is often part of the silent period in second language acquisition, where learners initially struggle to process and produce the new language.

Q. What is meant by language awareness in learning a second language?

Language awareness means noticing and understanding how a language works. When learning a second language, it helps you pay attention to grammar, sentence structure, and cultural meanings. This awareness makes it easier to learn and use the language correctly.

In simple it means awareness about the language sentence, structure and meaning that help in learning a language.

Q. Explain habitual thought. (imp)

Habitual thought means the usual way people think about things in daily life. It includes how we notice, remember, and understand what happens around us. These thoughts are automatic and come from our regular habits, unlike special thinking that we learn for specific tasks or subjects.

Q. Define the interface between mass nouns and count nouns. (imp)

Things we can count one by one (count nouns) and things we cannot count directly (mass nouns). The distinction between mass nouns and count nouns affects cognition and language structure. In English, mass nouns cannot be pluralized directly but can be counted through expressions like "buckets of sand".

Q. Explain duality patterns in language. (Imp)

Duality of patterning refers to the linguistic principle that language operates at two levels:

❖ Phonemes (basic sound units) combine to form ❖ Morphemes (meaningful units of language)

Q. What is the interface between first and second language acquisition? (imp)

The interface between first and second language acquisition means how learning your first language affects how you learn a second language. Sometimes, your first language helps you understand the new one, but other times it can cause confusion or mistakes. This connection is called transfer or interference.

Q. List three ways of feeling associated with anxiety. (imp)

❖ Physical tension ❖ Mental distress ❖ Reduced cognitive performance

Q. What is the constructivist approach to motivation?

The constructivist approach to motivation emphasizes that learning is an active, constructive process where learners build their understanding through experiences and social interactions.

Q. List the key elements of culture. (imp)

❖ Language ❖ Traditions ❖ Beliefs ❖ Social norms ❖ Art and literature

Q. What are three inadequacies of the idea that "language is essential for thought"?

•  Some thinking happens without language:
•  People without language can still think:
•  Feelings and ideas can exist before words

Q. Differentiate between sequential bilingualism and simultaneous bilingualism. (imp)

Simultaneous Bilingualism: - This happens when a child learns two languages at the same time from a very young age. This usually happens in families or communities where both languages are used every day.

Example: A child who hears both English and Urdu at home from birth will grow up learning both together.

Sequential Bilingualism: - This happens when a person learns one language first and then learns a second language later. This is also called second-language learning and can happen at any age child or adult.

Example: A child who speaks only Urdu at home and then starts learning English at school.

Q. Name three sound-based languages.

❖ English ❖ French ❖ Spanish

Q. What is the difference between induction and explication? (imp)

Induction: Learning by seeing examples and then figuring out the general rule. Example: If you see that cats, dogs, and cows all have four legs, you learn that most animals have four legs. Explication: Learning through clear and direct explanation from a teacher or guide. Example: A teacher tells you that ―verbs are action words‖ — this is explication.

Q. Define content words vs. functional words. (imp)

❖ Content words: These are words that carry the main meaning in a sentence like nouns, verbs, adjectives.

❖ Functional words: These are words that help connect sentences and show grammar, but they don’t carry much meaning on their own like prepositions, conjunctions.

Q. What is alexia? (imp)

Alexia is a neurological disorder causing the inability to read despite normal vision.

Q. What are the two main branches of constructivism?

❖ Cognitive constructivism (Piaget)

❖ Social constructivism (Vygotsky)

Q. What are the main factors in reading disorders? (imp)

❖ Phonological processing issues ❖ Visual processing difficulties ❖ Cognitive deficits

Q. Define whole-word recognition. (imp)

Whole-word recognition refers to the ability to recognize words as whole rather than decoding them letter by letter.

Q. What is meant by language politics? (imp)

Language politics means the decisions and actions taken by governments or institutions about which languages should be used, taught, or given importance. It includes promoting some languages, limiting others, or making rules about official languages in schools, media, or government.

Q. What is the term for the removal of a damaged part of the brain?

The term is lobectomy or lesion removal surgery.