ENG511 Final Term Solved Papers Spring 2019 by Maha Malik

Paper Pattern: 32 MCQs; 8 Questions of 3 Marks & 4 Questions of 5 Marks

Time Duration: 120 minutes.

Syllabus: Lesson 23-45 (Topic 133-270)

Q. Explain An Innatist theory by Noam Chomsky

Nativists contend that a child is born with an innate knowledge of or predisposition toward language, and that this innate property (the LAD or UG) is universal in all human beings. The innateness hypothesis was a possible resolution of the contradiction between the behavioral notion that language is a set of habits that can be acquired by a process of conditioning and the fact that such conditioning is much too slow and inefficient a process to account for the acquisition of a phenomenon as complex as language, But the innateness hypothesis presented a number of problems itself. One of the difficulties has already been discussed in this chapter: the LAD proposition simply postpones facing the central issue of the nature of the human being's capacity for language acquisition. Having thus "explained" language acquisition, one must now scientifically explain the genetic transmission of linguistic ability— which we cannot yet do with certainty. And, of course, scholars taking an emergen-tist perspective continue to challenge the notion thai what is innate is grammatical or linguistic at all, On the other hand, while the LAD remains a tentative hypothesis, I think we can take heart in slowly mounting genetic (scientific) evidence of the transmission of certain abilities, and assume that among those abilities we will one day find hard evidence of "language genes." We must not put ajl our eggs in the innateness basket. Environmental factors cannot by any means be ignored, as connectionists and emergentists have shown. For years linguists, psychologists,and educators have been embroiled in tlie "nature-nurture" controversy: Wit at are those behaviors that "nature" provides innately, in some sort of predetermined biological timetable, and what are those behaviors that are,

by environmental exposure—by "nurture," by teaching—learned and internalized? We do observe that language acquisition is universa), that every child acquires language. But how are the efficiency and success of that learning determined by the environment the child is in? Or hy the child's individual construction of lin guistic reality in interaction with others? The waters of the innateness hypothesis are considerably muddied by such questions. An interesting line of research on innateness was pursued by Derek Bickerton (1981), who found evidence, across a number of languages, of common patterns of linguistic and cognitive development. He proposed that human beings are "bio-programmed" to proceed from stage to stage. Like flowering plants, people are innately programmed to "release" certain properties of language at certain developmental ages. Just as we cannot make a geranium bloom before its "time," so human beings will "bloom" in predetermined, preprogrammed steps.

Q.

Do children learn or acquire first language?

Younger children are often regarded as superior language learners than older children or adults, some believe that young children can effortlessly acquire two or more languages simultaneously. At the same time, some parents and educators fear that bilingual language exposure may slow children’s language development and even cause them to mix or confuse their languages. We will examine some of these ideas.

Q. Differentiate B/W acquisition and learning

Language Acquisition: How people learn language

Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate.

Language Learning: Language learning, means a person is trying to learn the language consciously through practice, training, or experience.

Q.

what is meant by inhibition risk taking

The prominent characteristics of good language learners, according to Rubin and Thompson (1982) were the ability to make intelligent guesses. Impulsivity was also described as a style that could have positive effects on language success. And we have just seen that inhibitions, or building defenses around our egos, can be a detriment. These factors suggest that risk taking is an important characteristic of successful learning of a second language. Learners have to be able to gamble a bit, to be willing to try out hunches about the language and take the risk of being wrong. Bee be (1983, p. 40) described some of the negative ramifications that foster fear of risk taking both in the classroom and in natural settings. In the classroom, these ramifications might include a bad grade in the course, a fail on the exam, a reproach from the teacher, a smirk from a classmate, punishment or embarrassment imposed by oneself.

Q.

what is the widely instrument for learners to identify strategies of SLA

There have been few recorded instances of an adult acquiring a first language. In one widely publicized instance, Curtiss (1977) wrote about Genie, a 13-year-old girl who had been socially isolated and abused all her life until she was discovered, and who was then faced with the task of acquiring a first language. Accounts of "wolf children'' and instances of severe disability fall into this category

Q.

why chine's cannot express counterfactual reasoning

The Chinese language and ‘counterfactuals’

Chinese were not as able as English speakers to think hypothetically about what is not true because of certain grammatical features of the Chinese language.

This happened due to faulty translations but once proper translations were made, there was no basis for claiming a difference in thinking.

Q.

explain sensorimotor schema in not more than three lines

Piaget refers to the first 2 years as the sensorimotor period of development because the schemata the child uses to organize experience are directly related to taking in sensory information and acting on it. Sensorimotor schemata include banging, sucking, and throwing.

Q. lateralization of brain function

The human brain is divided into two hemispheres - left and right hemispheres. Lateralization of brain function means that there are certain mental processes that are mainly specialized to one side or the other.

Q. comment on natural situation in SLA

The natural situation in which a second language is learned is one that is similar to that in which the first language is learned. It can involve social situations such as those involving family, play, or the workplace. The classroom situation involves the social situation of the school classroom. Each of these types of social situations has its own advantages and disadvantages. The community context allows students to have access to a natural situation outside of the class and thereby supplement their classroom learning.

Q. process of lexical development in bilinguaL childerns

Lexical development in children who learn their second language when their first language is already developed is different from that of children who grow up in a bilingual environment (i.e. simultaneous bilingualism). The beginning step of learning words in the second language is translation, or learning the definitions. This is different from how they learned their first language which involves inputting the information of semantic and formal entities together. When accessing these newly learned words, the basic language semantic system will be activated, which means when a second language word is activated, the basic language word with the same meaning is also activated. It can be said that learners are still thinking in basic language but try to represent in second language by translation as more semantic and syntax knowledge is learned for the second language. This new language is gradually independent from the basic language. Learners began to access the language without translation with semantic knowledge for that language. As learns gain more and more exposure to the new language, they will complete the development of second language when they can access and use the language from the concept, which can be said to be thinking in that language directly.

Q. cognitive strategies in language learning

People who adopt the cognitive strategy tend to analyse and reason. They form internal mental codes and revise them to receive and produce the message in the target language. Adopting this strategy will enable you to internalize the language in direct ways such as through reasoning, analysis, note-taking, summarizing, synthesizing, outlining, practicing in naturalistic settings, and practicing structures and sounds formally. Things they do: Watch Korean dramas and try to replicate how the characters pronounce Korean words. Watch Korean dramas and try to replicate how the characters use certain words in a sentence. Write emails or letters in SL. Read SL reading materials such as magazines and newspapers.

Q. what Is self-esteem in SLL

Self-esteem is probably the most pervasive aspect of any human behavior. It could easily be claimed that no successful cognitive or affective activity can be carried out without some degree of self-esteem, self-confidence, knowledge of yourself, and self-efficacy—belief in your own capabilities to successfully perform that activity. Malinowski (1923) noted that all human beings have a need for phatic communion—defining one self and finding acceptance in expressing that self in relation to valued others. Personality development universally involves the growth of a person's concept of self, acceptance of self, and reflection of self as seen in the interaction between self and others. The following is a well-accepted definition of self-esteem (Coopersmith, 1967, pp. 4-5): By self-esteem, we refer to the evaluation which individuals make and customarily maintain with regard to themselves; it expresses an attitude of approval or disapproval, and indicates the extent to which individuals believe themselves to be capable, significant, successful and worthy In short, self-esteem is a personal judgment of worthiness that is expressed in the attitudes that individuals hold toward themselves. It is a subjective experience which the individual conveys to others by verbal reports and other overt expressive behavior.

Q. can SLA happen only in early childhood

In early childhood, becoming bilingual is often an unconscious event, as natural as learning to walk or ride a bicycle. But why? According scientific surveys, language aspects such as pronunciation and intonation can be acquired easier during childhood, due to neuromuscular mechanisms which are only active until to the age of 12. Long agrees, but goes further by conditioning the acquisition of a native competence in morphology and syntax to exposure to the second before the age of 15. These assertions are contradicted by empirical studies on older beginners who have reached very high in second language levels of competence.