ENG511 Midterm Short Notes and Subjective Solved Paper

1. The term Psycholinguistics was coined in 1936 by Jacob Robert Kantor.

2. Perception of continuous speech is different from our perception of individual words

3. Figurative language is language that literally means one thing but is taken to mean another.
4. Numerous studies show that meaning predominates in our retention of sentences.
5. For Building Global Structure ,we need to consider what aspect of performance is being.
6. Every conversation has a topic development phase which is framed by opening and closing phrase.
7. Until the early part of their second year, infants communicate with their world primarily in nonverbal ways.
8. Pre-operational stage is Toddler and Early Childhood.

Q. Explain Memory (3 marks)

Memory: “process of retaining information over time” What do we remember after one exposure to a single sentence? e, our memory for sentences is a mixture of the meaning of the sentences, their wording, and the inferences we draw at the time of comprehension. Numerous studies show that meaning predominates in our retention of sentences.

Q. Define lexical objects (3 marks)

The basic objects (such as words) described in a lexicon. It is becoming customary in lexicography and computational linguistics to refer to the lexical sign, i.e. an object associated with attributes denoting orthogonal kinds of lexical information. A second kind of lexical object is the lexical sign class or archi-sign in which similar lexical objects are grouped together, each characterized by subsets of the lexical information required to characterize specific lexical signs. These class-based generalizations may be organized in terms of implication rules (redundancy rules), subsumption lattices, type hierarchies, or default inheritance hierarchies.

Q. There are six semantic networks. Name any three of them. (3 marks )

• Definitional Networks
• Assertional Networks
• Implicational Networks
• Executable Networks
• Learning Networks
• Hybrid Networks

Q. Explain briefly "Propositional Representation"(5 marks)

Propositional representation is the psychological theory, first developed in 1973 by Dr. Zenon Pylyshyn that mental relationships between objects are represented by symbols and not by mental images of the scene. A propositional network describing the sentence " John believes that Anna will pass her exam" is Each circle represents a single proposition, and the connections between the circles describe a network of propositions. Another example is the sentence " Debby donated a big amount of money to Greenpeace, an organization which protects the environment", which contains the propositions " Debby donated money to Greenpeace", " The amount of money was big" and " Greenpeace protects the environment". If one or more of the propositions is false, the whole sentence is false Q. How we can identify " Participants and Non-participants"(5 marks).

yesterday)

Q. Write down the "Semantic and Syntactic factors in Speech perception"(5 marks)

Context and Speech Recognition A word isolated from its context becomes less intelligible (Pollack & Pickett, 1964).

Phonemic Restoration

1. It was found that the *eel was on the axle.
2. It was found that the *eel was on the shoe

Mispronunciation detection

1. It has been suggested that students be required to preregister

Overall, Contextual information powerfully influences the perception of individual speech segments. Our perception of speech segments in continuous speech appears to be an interaction of various levels of analysis that proceed simultaneously in the course of language processing.

Q. Turn taking

Turn-taking has been described as a process which obtain a distribution of talk across two participants. The time gap between one person stopping and the other starting being just a few fractions of a second, yet the co-ordination is achieved with some rapidity and turns are appropriated in orderly fashion.

Q. Motor theory

The motor theory of speech perception is the hypothesis that people perceive spoken words by identifying the vocal tract gestures with which they are pronounced rather than by identifying the sound patterns that speech generates.

• A theory of speech perception based on the notion that perception proceeds ‘‘by reference’’ to production (Liberman et al., 1967).
•  Listeners use implicit articulatory knowledge
• The main rationale for the motor theory is that it deals effectively with the lack of Invariance.
• Teaching students to produce sounds silently aids them in the identification of new sounds.
• The areas responsible for language perception and production are distinct and separate and
• The motor theory would expect a closer neurological link between these functions.

Hence, The motor theory of speech perception claims that we perceive speech sounds by identifying the intended phonetic gestures that may produce the sounds. In addition, the theory has implications for neurolinguistics and language acquisition in children.

Q. PROPERTIES of speech error

Common Properties of Speech Error Spontaneous speech errors (slips of the tongue), although infrequent, reveal planning units in the production of speech. Slips tend to occur in highly regular patterns.

• Elements that interact with one another tend to come from similar linguistic environments
•  the little burst of beaden (beast of burden)
•  you’re not a poojin pitterdowner, are you? (Pigeon putterdowner)
•  children interfere with your nife lite (night life).

Second, elements that interact with one another tend to be similar to one another. Sesame Street crackers (sesame seed crackers)

Third, even when slips produce novel linguistic items, they are generally consistent with the phonological rules of the language

Finally, speech errors reveal consistent stress patterns.

To sum up , with regard to common properties, speech errors are hardly random; in fact, they occur in highly regular patterns. Elements of interaction and consistency of phonological rules with linguistic items are the main features of the properties.

Q. Example of metaphor

•  Metaphors are not creative expressions but rather instantiations of underlying conceptual metaphors.
•  Metaphors are accessed quickly because they instantiate conceptual metaphors