ENG512 Midterm Past Papers 2025 by Nimma Malik

IMP MCQs

1. folk culture is highly valued in Norway

Q2. What is first language?

1. Before birth 2. After birth 3. At school level 4. babbling stage
2. Degree of maintenance or shift may be quite different in each of several distinguishable domains of language behavior is Domain variance.
3. Co-language means using both languages simultaneously.
4. For speakers of a minority language in an ethnic community is Economic.
5. Political: The use of certain languages may be maintained by the pressure of political circumstances.

Q7. Majority of Language??

1. Bilingual 2. Multilingual 3. Monolingual 4. Monolingual and bilingual both
2. we may admit that the concept of reference group membership enables us to recognize some invariable of habitual language choice in stable multilingual settings.
3. The interconnections between the two languages comprise association and translation

systems

10. Bilingual education is different from traditional language education programs that teach a second or a foreign language.
11. In the reductive view, bilingual education has been often interpreted as being the simple sum of discrete monolingual language practices
12. Bilingualism is not a static and unitary phenomenon

Subjective

Dominance configuration?

OR

How does domain configuration happen in language variance?

A description and analysis of the simultaneous, cumulative effect of all of the above-mentioned sources of variance in language choice provides a dominance configuration (Weinrich, 1953). Dominance configurations summarize data on the language choice behavior. Repeated dominance configurations for the same population, studied over time, may be used to represent evidence of language maintenance or shift in a particular multilingual setting. Although the dominance configurations till requires much further refinement, it seems to merit the time and effort that such refinement might necessitate. The domain concept has also helped refine the distinction between coordinate bilingualism and compound bilingualism.

Swain model? IMP

Swain (1977) postulated a ‘common storage model’ of bilingual development according to which all rules of both languages are initially stored in a common location and subsequently tagged as appropriate for a particular language through a process of differentiation. The title of Swain’s (1972) thesis—Bilingualism as a first language —exemplifies the unitary-system interpretation of early bilingual development.

Three stage model?

Volterra and Taeschner (1978) have interpreted language mixing in terms of a three-stage model:

1. Initial unification of both lexical and syntactic subsystems
2. Differentiation of the lexicon but continued unification of syntax
3. Finally, differentiation of both the lexicon and syntax

What principles language behavior is based?

Language behavior is based on the following five principles:

1. There is a constant interaction between the societal and the individual dynamics of language.
2. There are complex mapping processes between the form of language behavior and the functions it serves.
3. There is a reciprocal interaction between culture and language.
4. Self-regulation characterizes all higher-order behaviors, and therefore language.
5. Valorization is central to these dynamic interactions.

Multilingualism proficiency at societal and personal level?

Multilingualism is an important resource at both the societal and personal levels. 1

1) Personal Level (Individual Multilingual Proficiency):

At the individual level, multilingual proficiency is not uniform across languages or skills. It varies based on:

❖ Domain-specific use

❖ Skill-based variation

❖ Balanced vs. Dominant bilingualism

❖ Functional proficiency

2. Societal Level (Community Multilingual Proficiency):

At the societal level, multilingualism is shaped by:

❖ Language roles in institutions ❖ Official language policies ❖ Diglossia ❖ Social stratification

Define the term code switching and enlist 5 characteristics of code switching?

Code-switching is the alternation between two or more languages or dialects within a single conversation, sentence, or even utterance.

Five Key Characteristics of Code-Switching:

1) Rule-Governed:

Not random—follows linguistic and grammatical rules.

2) Context-Dependent:

Depends on social setting, participants, topic, and identity.