ENG512 Midterm Solved Papers Set 2

ENG512

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Bilingualism

Q. Use of language (Topic# 143) 3 marks

Studies have shown that the language use of bilinguals responds to their communicative and affective intent, as well as to the situation and the interlocutor. Fishman et al. (1971) proposed the construct of domains as such, domains are “a sphere of activity representing a combination of specific times, settings, and role relationships” (Romaine, 1994: 43). Domains allow scholars to make connections between, on the one hand, clusters of interaction and interlocutors, and on the other, more concrete social situations.

Q. Indexicality (Topic#80 video lecture + google) 3 Marks

“Indexicality in linguistics means reference to or an indication of something”. Indexicality is the phenomenon of a sign pointing to (or indexing) some object in the context in which it occurs. For example: “I” refer to self, “now” refers to time

Q. Define the term language proficiency (google) 3 marks

Language proficiency is the ability of an individual to use language with a level of accuracy that transfers meaning in production and comprehension. The word, proficient, means a well advanced skill level. In terms of language, the “proficient” label can refer to someone who is very skilled in the use of a language but who uses the language less easily and at a less-advanced level than a native or fluent speaker.

Q. How does domain configuration happen in language variance (topic#68) 3 marks

A description and analysis of the simultaneous, cumulative effect of all of the above-mentioned sources of variance in language choice provides a dominance configuration (Weinrich, 1953).

Q. Name the three forms of language mixing (topic# 88) 3 marks

1. syntactic mixing,
2. semantic mixing
3. pragmatic mixing

Q. How do pidgins emerge? (Topic#08)

Language is never static but changes over time. Pidginsation is an example in this regard which is developed for the purpose of minimal communication between individuals/ groups speaking mutually unintelligible vernaculars. In the pidginisation process, limited and simplified linguistic forms are developed. As the need for communication or function increases in the society, new forms are created by the speakers. Gradually these new forms serve extended functions until pidgin evolves into a creole (form) as it becomes the mother tongue of the next generation, and thereby serves new functions. Q. Make a list of different sources of language variation that have been considered by researchers. (lesson#10) 5 marks

Contacts with each of the above are as may vary in duration, frequency, and pressure. They may also vary in the use of each language for comprehension(C) only, or for both comprehension and expression (E). Variation in language contact may occur in form of “Duration”, “Frequency”, and “Pressure“ and due to internal factors. Internal Factors are uses & aptitude (sex, age, intelligence, memory, attitude, motivation)

Q. What did Voterra and Taeschner argue in Three Stage Model

1. Initial unification of both lexical and syntactic subsystems
2. Differentiation of the lexicon but continued unification of syntax
3. Finally, differentiation of both the lexicon and syntax

Q. Duration and frequency (Topic#55)

Frequency: The duration of contact is not significant, however, unless we know its frequency. Frequency for the spoken language may be measured in average contact-hours per week or month; for the written language it may be measured in average number of words.

Q21. century other ways of communication (Google)

Communication is dramatically changed by new technologies. In the 20th century, we have seen the effects of the telephone, radio and television, film, high-speed printing, xerography, desk-top publishing, electronic mail. These communication technologies have changed our national political life, corporate management styles, family connections, individual work habits. Additional change in the next century is inevitable, as we adopt video conferencing, multimedia, and internet technologies. Many of the effects of new technologies are unpredictable: the predicted “paperless office” has failed to materialize, for example, and word-processing software has transformed the labor of writing in a way that was never anticipated (and initially was resisted) by computer developers.

Q. Enlist ways of communication in 21st century (Topic#194)

Bilingualism for the twenty-first century must be more than the knowledge of two languages. Abilities such as translation, language switching and designing information bilingually will be increasingly important, abilities that are supported by the community’s translanguaging. The recursivity and dynamism of bilingualism today, that is, its adaptive nature to an increasingly socially complex context, demands bilingual skills that are much more than just monolingual skills in two separate contexts. If we focus then not on separate languages as we have done in the past, but on the bilingual or multilingual discourse practices that we need and that are readily observable