ENG512 Glossary by Asfand Yarr

1. Absolute poverty :A threshold to decide a nutritional or financial level at which a person declares as poor.
2. Attitudinal shift :A manner of thinking, feeling, or behaving that reflects a state of mind or disposition: has a positive attitude about work; kept a dignified attitude throughout the crisis or an arrogant or aggressive disposition or behavior: One customer with a lot of attitude really tried my patience.
3. Balanced bilingual :Balanced bilinguals are people who have equal proficiency in both their first language (L1) and L2.
4. Bilingual :A person who can express in two languages or able to use two languages especially with equal fluency e.g. bilingual in English and Japanese
5. Bilingualism :The frequent use (as by a community) of two languages or the political or institutional recognition of two languages
6. Capability Approach (CA) :The capability approach (CA) provides an evaluative framework for measuring inequality in social institutions and policies. Or The CA argues that the role of education is not just the ‘accumulation’ of human capital but also the expansion of 'human capabilities'.
7. Code-mixing :Code-mixing is the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech. Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and "code- switching" interchangeably.
8. Code-switching :The switching from the linguistic system of one language or dialect to that of another
9. Colonization :The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

10. Communal identity :Communal identity is identified by observing a group's communal activities, rituals, rites and holiday celebrations. Group members use cultural membership to maintain community with one another. 11. Dialect :A regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language for instance; the Doric dialect of ancient Greek is a dialect of Chinese spoken in Hong Kong 12. Disenfranchise :Deprive of a right or privilege for a specific person or a community. 13. Ethnic group :Pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like. 14. Global Village :The world viewed as a community in which distance and isolation have been dramatically reduced by electronic media (such as television and the Internet) 15. Globalization :The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. 16. Language Policy :Language policy is what a government does either officially through legislation, court decisions or policy to determine how languages are used, cultivate language skills needed to meet national priorities or to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages. 17. Language Power :Language power is a measure of one’s ability to communicate effectively in a given language, specifically one that is not native to the speaker. 18. Language shift :Language shift, also known as language transfer or language replacement or language assimilation, is the process whereby a community of speakers of a language shifts to speaking a completely different language, usually over an extended period of time. 19. Lexical item :A lexical item (or lexical unit/ LU, lexical entry) is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon (vocabulary). 20. Lingua franca :Any of various languages used as common or commercial tongues among peoples of diverse speech 21. Linguistic capital :Linguistic capital is a form of cultural capital defined at the level of the human individual. For example, in many speech situations a speaker endowed with a prestigious upper class accent will enjoy more credibility or legitimacy than a speaker of lesser eloquence. Thus, dialects or sociolects can represent a form of capital to the extent that they yield a benefit to the speakers endowed with them. 22. Linguistic Discrimination :Linguistic discrimination is the unfair treatment of an individual based solely on his or her use of language. 23. Linguistic Diversity :Linguistic diversity is a way to talk about varied types of traits including language family, grammar, and vocabulary. 24.

Localization

Technology

:In computing, internationalization and localization are means of adapting computer software to different languages, regional differences and technical requirements of a target locale. 25. Marginalization :Treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral. 26. Monolingual :A person who speaks only one language.