ENG514 Final Term Subjective by Nimma Malik

ENG514 · SUBJECTIVE · BY NIMMA MALIK · Write a note on Clennell (1999) stags.

Clennell (1999) describes a useful procedure for making learners aware of the linguistic and socio-linguistic features of interactive spoken language.

Stage 1 involves preparing for an interview and then carrying out the interview. The preparation can involve focusing on appropriate ways of addressing the interviewee, different ways of requesting an interview, and so on. It can also involve ways of managing the discourse by asking the interviewee to repeat or slow down. Stage 2 involves transcribing the recorded interview and coming to an understanding of what happened during the interview. Stage 3 involves presenting the analyzed transcription to the class in the form of a seminar presentation with accompanying discussion. Lynch (2001) found plenty of evidence that transcribing their own spoken interaction resulted in learners finding plenty to improve and being able to make substantial corrections to the language of the transcription. There was also a useful follow-up role for the teacher in providing helpful corrective feedback especially in vocabulary choice. The teacher’s feedback on learners’ written transcription of a taped rehearsal of a presentation had substantial positive effects on the grammatical accuracy of a subsequent presentation.

What · is · the · difference · between

and psycholinguistics?

Neuro-linguistics and psycholinguistics are both interdisciplinary fields that explore the relationship between language and the brain, but they focus on different aspects and use distinct approaches. Emphasizes the brain's role in language, including neural structures and pathways. Concentrates on cognitive and psychological processes involved in language use

Employs neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques to study brain activity Uses behavioral experiments, such as reaction time and eye-tracking studies

Stronger links with neuroscience and medical fields Closer ties with cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence

Studies aphasia and other language impairments resulting from brain injury or neurological diseases Studies how people understand spoken and written language and how they produce speech

What is linguistic and sociolinguistic?

Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure. It seeks to understand the fundamental nature of language, its components, and how it functions.

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is a subfield of linguistics that examines the relationship between language and society. It explores how language varies and changes in different social contexts and how it reflects and influences social identities, relationships, and power dynamics.

What is Reliability?

A reliable test is one whose results are not greatly affected by a change in the conditions under which it is given and marked. For example, if a test is given on different days by different people it should still give the same results. If the same answer paper is marked by different people, the score should be the same. There are ways of checking statistically to see if a test is reliable. They all share similar features, but they look at different aspects of reliability.

What is negotiation?

Negotiation is a process by which two or more parties communicate and interact to reach a mutually acceptable agreement or resolve a conflict. It involves a series of discussions, compromises, and strategies to address the interests, needs, and goals of the parties involved. There are many techniques which provide written input which could encourage negotiation. These include completion activities, ordering activities, split information activities, ranking, problem solving, and modify the statements.

What is ask and answer technique?

Ask and answer technique (Simcock, 1993) is a follow-up to reading. The learners read a text to a high level of comprehension and then they work in pairs with one learner questioning the other about the text from a list of teacher-prepared questions. The answers to these questions provide a summary of the ideas in the text. The goal of the activity is for learners to perform the asking and answering in front of the class at a high level of fluency, so each pair practices asking and answering several times before doing their class presentation.

Define Fluency.

Fluency, in the context of language, refers to the ability to communicate smoothly, accurately, and effortlessly. It encompasses various aspects of language proficiency, including speaking, listening, reading, and writing.

Components of Fluency

Speaking Fluency Listening Fluency Reading Fluency Writing Fluency

What is Q−>SA+EI?

What this formula means is a question (Q) should be followed by a short answer (SA) and then some extra information about the answer (EI).

ABBREVIATIONS

Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)

Teacher talking time (TTT)

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)