ENG514 Midterm Paper

1. The meaning-focused output strand involves learning through speaking and writing—using language productively.
2. Speech is processed primarily in a sequential fashion.
3. Baton signals are hand and head movements, which are typically associated with emphasis and prosodic cadence
4. Discourse analysis, as a branch of pragmatics, is concerned with the ways listeners make use of linguistic information and background knowledge as they listen in a social context.
5. Formulating a grammatical system can be achieved only through the processes of extraction.
6. The listening skill is a semi-recursive activity.
7. Brown defines cognitive difficulty as the factors that make the four central listening processes easier or more difficult to perform.
8. TLU stands for Target Language Use.
9. What is to be assessed can refer to both a criterion that represents a correlation with some standard of success.
10. Psycholinguistic orientation examines the encoding processes in memory.
11. Metacognitive instruction refers to pedagogical procedures that enable learners to increase awareness of the listening process by developing richer metacognitive knowledge about themselves as listeners.
12. According to Willis (1996, 2005), a task is an activity in which learners use language for a communicative purpose in order to achieve an outcome.
13. Interactive listening requires learners to engage in face-to-face interactions where they often alternate between the roles of listener and speaker.
14. Vocabulary acquisition is an important goal of listening instruction.

Q15. What is the first goal of listening?

Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language use and social factors.

16. In classroom language learning situations, the primary opportunity for collaborative conversations is learner–learner interaction.
17. Interview activities provide small-scale question and answer interaction.
18. It has been claimed that over 50 percent of the time that students spend functioning in a foreign language will be devoted to listening.
19. The first stage of speech recognition for Natural Language Processing (NLP) is phonological analysis of the input.
20. The visual component offered by videotext elicits a positive affective response to learning.
21. Krashen (1982) proposed the input hypothesis.
22. Autonomous listening refers to a self-directed listening activity in which learners choose what to listen to, seek feedback on their comprehension, respond in ways they choose, and monitor their own progress.
23. Sheltered language instruction is included in extensive listening.
24. Speech perception and word recognition are considered the bottom-up processes in listening.
25. Metacognitive activities for listening can also include language-focused activities.

Q26. In neurolinguistic research, attention is seen as a timed process requiring three neurological elements:

1. Arousal
2. orientation
3. focus.
4. All of these.