ENG518 Midterm Short Handouts File 2 by Sir Zahid

ENG518 SHORT HANDOUTS · MIDTERM · Lesson 06 to 10 · (ENG518) Research Methodology

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(JOIN NOW) · Lesson-06 · RESEARCH VARIABLES · Topic-026: Variables in a Hypothesis

What is a variable in research?

A variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies.

How is a hypothesis made testable in research?

A hypothesis is made testable by using operational definitions of variables and terms.

What are the characteristics of variables?

Variables can take different values and can increase or decrease over time. List the types of variables. Independent, Dependent, Moderator, Control (Intervening) variables.

What is the purpose of operational definitions in a hypothesis?

Operational definitions clarify terms used in the hypothesis, limit their meaning to the context, provide specific definitions, ensure statement clarity, and promote adherence to them.

Topic-027: Types of Variables

Define the independent variable. The independent variable provides a stimulus, is measured, manipulated, or selected, and is the cause of change in a study.

What is the role of the dependent variable?

The dependent variable is responsible for the response or output in a study and is observed to be affected by the independent variable.

What is a moderator variable?

A moderator variable is a special type of independent variable that modifies the relationship between other variables. Explain the control variable. A control variable is an experimental element that remains constant and unchanged throughout the investigation to prevent its interference in the study.

What is an intervening variable?

An intervening variable is a hypothetical variable used to explain causal links between other variables. It cannot be observed in an experiment.

Topic-028: Research Variables Combined

How do variables interact in research?

Independent, moderator, and control variables can interact with each other in a research study.

In a hypothesis, what types of variables typically interact?

In a hypothesis, at least one independent variable and a dependent variable usually interact.

What are extraneous variables in a research context?

Extraneous variables are variables other than the independent variable that could influence the results of an experiment. Provide an example of variables in a study and identify their types. Among students of the same age and intelligence, skill performance is directly related to the number of practice traits, particularly among boys but less directly among girls. Independent Variable: Number of practice traits Dependent Variable: Skill performance Moderator Variable: Sex Control Variables: Age, intelligence Intervening Variable: Learning (not stated)

Lesson-07

HOW TO LOCATE RESEARCH?

Topic-029: How to Locate Research?

What are some sources for finding primary research?

Educational index, MLA/APA, ERIC. Name some preliminary sources for research. Educational Index, MLA/APA, CIJE, SSI (Social Sci. Index), ERIC/RIE.