ENG522 Final Term Short Notes by VSC

CHAPTER 8

OBJECTIVE

•  Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language.
•  Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics.
•  Linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure.
•  Sapir acknowledged the close relationship between language and culture maintaining.
•  Linguistic diversity is unevenly distributed across populations and regions.
•  Papua New Guinea, 17 percent of the world’s total—making it one of the most linguistically diverse countries on earth.
•  Chinese Mandarin has more than a billion speakers.
•  English has 760 million, Hindi has 490 million, Spanish has 400 million, and Arabic has 200 million speakers.
•  A 2003 report by the United Nations, predicts the loss of 95 percent of all languages spoken by century’s end.
•  7,099 individual languages in a comprehensive geographic database.
•  Glottolog of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany.
•  The highest language diversity in the world can be found in Africa and Asia.
•  End of the geographic spectrum lies Europe with only around 250 living languages.
•  By the end of the century 50 to 90 per cent of the currently spoken languages could be extinct.
•  Klallam language, 5 speakers recorded in the 1990 Census.
•  The linguistic situation of Pakistan is very complex.
•  according to Saigol (1993): Sindhis makeup 26.6%, Baluchis 5.1% Pathans 13.1%of the population

ENG522 FINAL TERM · SUBJECTIVE & OBJECTIVE FILE · COMPILE BY VIRTUAL STUDY CREATORS

•  One district Hazara uses Hindko.
•  Gender stratification: An unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting their different positions in social hierarchy.
•  Gender ideology: A system of thoughts and values that legitimizes sex roles, statuses and customary behavior.
•  Intonation refers to the combination of rhythm, volume and pitch overlaying entire utterances.
•  Women use wider range of pitches and more rapid shift in volume and velocity.
•  Women use more tag questions than men.
•  Lakoff identified a "women's register", that is used to maintain women's (inferior) role in society.
•  Notions of language and dialect are closely related to the issues of identity.
•  Dyer’s (2000) study of Corby investigated changes occurring in the local English dialect due to the immigration of large numbers of Scots.
•  The power of language belongs to language itself.
•  Legal language is the type of language used by lawyers and other legal professionals in the course of their work.
•  Bentham (1782) suggests that a law is an assemblage of signs.
•  Law is the systematic regulation of the life of a community by standards treated as binding the members of the community and its institutions.
•  The pragmatics of legal language is a vast field.

Qno.1: describe linguistic diversity?

Answer: Linguistic diversity is an inherently enabling condition to its speakers and humankind—a resource to be protected and promoted—as each language is the repository of immense knowledge built over centuries of development and use. Linguistic diversity is unevenly distributed across populations and regions.

Qno.2: write a brief note on the diversity of linguistic in PAKISTAN?

Answer: The linguistic situation of Pakistan is very complex. There are various regional languages but Urdu has a unique status. It is the language of majority province and dominant ethnic group so it enjoys supremacy. But, at the same time Punjabis are dominated linguistically and culturally by Urdu and English speaking communities. We also need to take into consideration the accommodating and eclectic nature of Punjabi, the ‘soft’ boundaries of Punjabi and Urdu, and the element of mutual intelligibility is instrumental in the spread of Urdu. During the recent years children of Punjabis do not have Punjabi as their first language.

Qno.3: difference between sex and gender?

Answer: Sex refers to biological differences while gender refers to the cultural construction of male and female characteristics. “The ways members of the two sexes are perceived, evaluated and expected to behave.” (What different cultures make of sex.)

Qno.4: what do you know about genderlects?

Answer: Men often use socially disfavored variants of sociolinguistic variables while women tend to avoid these in favor of socially more favored variants. Men Women What a terrific idea! What a divine idea!

Shit! You’ve put the peanut butter in the fridge again! Oh dear! You’ve put the peanut butter in the fridge again!

Qno.5: define intonation?

Answer: Intonation: Intonation refers to the combination of rhythm, volume and pitch overlaying entire utterances.

•  In general women use wider range of pitches and more rapid shift in volume and velocity.
•  In other words women talk melodically and faster than men who are more monotone and slower.

Qno.6: define two kinds of effective tags?

Answer: Affective tags are further subdivided into two kinds:

1. Softeners like the first example above, which conventionally mitigate the force of what would otherwise be an impolite demand.
2. Facilitative tags like the second example, which invites the listener to take a conversational turn to comment on the speaker's assertion.

Qno.7: describe the language role in LAW?

Answer: The use of language is crucial to any legal system, not only in the same way that it is crucial to politics in general, but also in two special respects. Definition: ‘’Legal language is the type of language used by lawyers and other legal professionals in the course of their work’’. Spoken language is just as indispensable to the legal process. The legal implications of language continue to extend far beyond the courtroom – to interactions between police and suspects, to conversations between lawyers and their clients, etc. A little reflection is enough to notice how essential language is to the legal enterprise.