ENG522 Midterm Short Handouts File 2 by Sir Zahid

ENG522 SHORT HANDOUTS · MIDTERM · Chapter 06,07 · (ENG522) Applied Linguistics · EFFORT BY VUHELPERS24 TEAM · REGARDS : SIR ZAHID: · VU-All-(Bs English Group) · Click · (JOIN NOW) · Chapter-4 · Language and the Bain · Introduction to Language Processing in the Brain

Who is George Harris, and what happened to him at the age of 18?

George Harris fell ill while traveling in Bratislava at 18, experiencing sudden difficulty in speaking and a long-term recovery.

What linguistic distinctions does George's recovery story highlight?

Difficulty producing speech sounds Distortion of articulation Specific difficulty with word retrieval Residual difficulty with sentence structure

What does the study of acquired language disorders provide evidence for?

How language is organized in the brain.

What is the most common type of acquired language disorder?

Aphasia, resulting from damage to language-containing parts of the brain.

How Does Communicative Function Fractionate Through Selective Impairment? What are Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia, and how do they differ?

Broca's aphasia: Impaired speech production, short and simple sentences. Wernicke's aphasia: Fluent speech but with difficulty making sense, using unusual words. Describe an example of a person with Broca's aphasia attempting to describe an image. Short, simple sentences with basic word usage. Provide an example of a person with Wernicke's aphasia describing the same image. Long, incomprehensible sentences with unusual word usage.

What is anomic aphasia, and how does it manifest in describing the image?

Difficulty with word-finding, leading to vague and incomplete descriptions.

Case Study and Phonological Errors

What is a pseudo-accent, and how does it relate to acquired foreign accents?

A perceived foreign accent due to impaired articulation, not actual language acquisition. Describe the case study of clinicians in the 1950s and 1960s related to language disorders. Foundational research on language disorders, integrating generative linguistics and neuroimaging.

What are paraphasias, and provide examples in deaf left-hemisphere damaged signers?

Phonological errors: Substituting correct phonemes with incorrect ones. Paragrammatic errors: Using illegal combinations of morphemes or signs.

How Does Language Interact with Other Cognitive Domains?

What is the relation between language and thought, and how is it addressed in cognitive science?

An old conundrum; new understanding suggests both independence and interrelation.

How do children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) differ from typically developing children?

Slow progress in language development, speaking ungrammatically. Provide examples of utterances from a teenager with SLI. Examples of ungrammatical and poorly formed sentences. Contrast children with Williams syndrome and Down syndrome in terms of language development. Williams syndrome: Acquire grammar well but lack meaningful conversations. Down syndrome: Slow general development but can acquire language effectively.

What difficulties may arise in individuals with pragmatic impairment?

Inability to use language appropriately in social contexts, providing insufficient information or producing incoherent responses.

Aphasia and Brain Damage

What types of aphasia result from left-brain damage?

Impairments in language processing, comprehension, and production of grammatical aspects occur with left-brain damage.

How does right-brain stroke affect language?

Individuals speak fluently but struggle with interpreting and using metaphorical language. Describe speech in schizophrenia. Fluent speech with difficulty understanding the speaker's intended meaning, reflecting a thought disorder.

How does autism affect language?

Difficulty with narrative meaning and interpreting social aspects of communication beyond lexical and grammatical content.

Language Impairment Due to Maturation

What are "normal speech errors"?

Functional disruptions in language production without impairing thought processes, like saying 'I caked a bake' instead of 'I baked a cake.'

How do memory disorders affect language?

People with disorders like Alzheimer's maintain grammatically well-formed speech but struggle with word retrieval.

Study Activity 4.4: Cookie Theft Picture Description:

Compare grammatical features in dementia speech with aphasic speakers. A: Grammatical features in dementia speech may degrade, leading to empty meaning. Assess lexical choices in dementia speech compared to aphasic speakers. Lexical choices may show difficulty in retrieving specific words in dementia speech. Evaluate the overall success of communication in dementia speech. Communication may lack coherence and meaning.

Effect of Impairments on Reading and Writing

How do dyslexic children differ from SLI individuals in reading?

Dyslexic children may have difficulties with visual and perceptual aspects of