GSC101 Highlighted Handouts

TABLE OF CONTENTS · I. · General Information · II. · Lecture Summaries · Lecture · No. · Contents · Page No. · PHYSICS · 3 – 100

Introduction to G. Science & System of Measurement 4 – 7

KinematicsI 8 – 11 KinematicsII 12 – 18 Kinematic Equations 19 – 24 Newton’s laws of motion 25 – 27 Linear momentum & Tension in a string 28 – 36 Work, Energy & Power I 37 – 40 Work, Energy & Power II 41 – 47 Energy Power & Heat 48 – 56 Heat II 57 – 65 Heat III 66 – 73 Light I 74 – 82 Light II 83 – 93 Light III 94 – 99

CHEMISTRY

100 – 181

Atomic Structure 101 – 115 Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry 116 – 120 Chemical Bonds 121 – 128 Chemical Reactions 129 – 131 Organic Chemistry 132 – 136 Metals and Nonmetals 137 – 141 Metallurgy of Copper & Aluminum 142 – 146 Iron and its Metallurgy 147 – 150 Corrosion and its preventions 151 – 154 Hydrogen and Oxygen 155 – 157 Nitrogen 158 – 162 Halogens and Chlorine gas 163 – 167 Mixture and Solution 168 – 172 Acids, Bases and Salts 173 – 181

BIOLOGY

182 - 315

Levels of Organization in Life 183 – 192 Cell theory & Cellular components 193 – 202 Diversity of Cells & Mitosis 203 – 209 Cell division-Meiosis 210 – 215 Chromosomes, DNA & Genes 216 – 224 Digestive System 225 – 230 Transport System and Blood - The Circulatory Fluid 231 – 238

Circulatory System in Humans - Blood Vessels & Heart 239 – 244

Respiratory System 245 – 252 Excretory System 253 – 258 Ecology I 259 – 266 Ecology II Ecosystem 267 – 276 Food Chains & Food Webs 277 – 283 Algae & Fungi 284 – 291 Animals & Their Importance 292 – 300 Reproductive System 301 – 307 Applications of Biology 308 – 315

LECTURE # 01 · Physics Lecture # 01 · INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL SCIENCE · AND SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

What is it that allows us to term Biology, Chemistry and Physics as sciences whereas literature, languages, history and art are not termed as sciences? The answer to this question is the reproducibility of the results is the basic difference between science and humanity. Science is something which deals with experimentation, has certain methods and procedures. We can better understand about reproducibility as whatever a person is saying another scientist or researcher in another laboratory can reproduce those results…for example we take a small piece of equipment, measure its length and reported that its length is 10 cm. Another person who has the same equipment can do this and confirm the result. In other words, we can say that under similar condition and circumstances will lead to the similar results.

Science is basically means to look observe and discover something.

Scientific method is a method of procedure consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment and the formulation, testing and modification of hypothesis. It is just a road map for the study of science itself. It is through this process of experimentation and refinement by which new scientific knowledge is generated. It is a process through which we explore, observe and experiment. Scientists use this to search the cause and effect relationship in nature as something is happen by something which is causing it. Hypothesis is nothing just a statement conveying that we observe something. Then we test that statement through experiment and get a set of results. Here we can reach at three conclusions:

i. Hypothesis is correct and reported. ii. Hypothesis is partially correct and reported iii. Hypothesis is incorrect

If we reach at result 2 or 3 then we again observe the facts, consult with actual results and keep testing until reach the actual result. All sciences obey two philosophical principles: 1. Principle of logic and 2. Search for the truth.

Physics is known as fundamental science as other sciences use the laws and principle of Physics.

Physics deals with the study of properties of matter, energy and mutual relationship between them.