IT602 Final Term Solved Subjective by Maha Malik

1. Network Virtualization

Network Virtualization (NV) refers to the process of abstracting physical network

•  Decouples network services from hardware: Network functionalities like routing, switching, and firewalling are delivered in software.
•  Allows programmatic network management: Administrators can create, configure, and manage virtual networks through software.
•  Enables flexibility and scalability: Virtual networks can be adjusted easily without modifying the physical infrastructure.
•  Enhances security and efficiency: Virtualized networks allow better control over data traffic and resource utilization.

🔹 Example: Cloud environments where multiple tenants share the same physical network but have separate, secure virtual networks through VLANs or VXLANs.

2. Container Technology

Container Technology is a type of server virtualization that allows multiple isolated environments (containers) to run on the same operating system kernel. Unlike traditional virtual machines, containers do not require a separate OS installation for each instance, making them lightweight and efficient.

•  Isolation: Each container runs independently with its own libraries and dependencies.
•  Portability: Containers can run consistently across different environments, such as on-premises servers and cloud platforms.
•  Lightweight: Containers consume fewer resources than virtual machines since they share the host OS kernel.
•  Fast Deployment: Applications in containers can be deployed quickly, making them ideal for DevOps and microservices architectures.

🔹 Example: Docker and Kubernetes are popular containerization platforms used to manage and deploy containers efficiently.

1. Network Virtualization

Network Virtualization (NV) is the process of abstracting physical network

2. Special Purpose Operating System Names

Some examples of special-purpose operating systems are:

•  RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) – Used in embedded systems like medical devices and industrial automation.
•  Embedded Linux – Used in smart appliances and IoT devices.
•  QNX – Used in automotive and mission-critical applications.
•  VxWorks – Used in aerospace and defense.

3. Drawbacks of Virtualization

•  Increased Resource Consumption – Running multiple virtual machines on a single server can lead to performance degradation.
•  Security Risks – If a vulnerability exists in the hypervisor, all virtual machines can be compromised.
•  Management Complexity – Requires additional tools, training, and expertise to maintain virtual environments.

Q4. What is Vendor Lock-in?

Vendor lock-in occurs when a company becomes dependent on a particular vendor's technology, making it difficult to switch to another provider due to compatibility issues, high switching costs, or proprietary technologies.

Q5. What is RAID Penalty and How Much is It?

RAID penalty refers to the extra write operations required in certain RAID levels due to parity calculations.

•  RAID 1: No penalty (just mirroring).
•  RAID 5: Write penalty of 4 (each write requires 4 disk operations).
•  RAID 6: Write penalty of 6 (due to double parity calculations).