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Lecture 19

CONTEMPORARY MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES

Following the Hawthorne studies, managers and researchers focused more attention on the importance of good human relations in motivating employee performance. Most motivation theorists are concerned with the ways in which management thinks about and treats employees.

Human Resources Model: Theories X and Y—Douglas McGregor’s theory of motivation suggesting that managers have radically different beliefs about how best to use the human resources employed by a firm.

Theory X—theory of motivation holding that people are naturally irresponsible and uncooperative.

Theory Y—theory of motivation holding that people are naturally responsible, growth oriented, self‐motivated, and interested in being productive.

McGregor Theory‐ X & Y

X‐Type managers might: Use punishment and threat to make people work. And will control activities of the work very closely. Y‐Type managers will identify the barriers which are causing problems for workers and try to eliminate those barriers. In some situations, managers have to adopt X‐type behavior and in some situations, they have to adopt Y‐type behavior. Culturally, in societies, managers are moving towards Y‐type behavior from X‐type behavior.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Model—Psychologist Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation proposing that people have several different needs that they attempt to satisfy in their work.

These needs are hierarchical in importance; lower‐level needs must be met before a person will try to satisfy higher‐level needs. Once a set of needs has been satisfied, it ceases to motivate behavior.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Biological Needs

Biological needs are related to human body’s survival. e.g. food, drink, air, sleep etc.

Safety Needs

Safety from: Cold, Heat, Sand, Storm, Earthquake, Animals, Enemies

Use of Hierarchy in Motivation

Biological needs can be fulfilled by: Giving salaries. Providing free or cheaper food to employees. Providing routine items at concessional prices.

Safety Needs

Organization can provide safety devices to employees. For instance: Helmet Glasses Gloves Special purpose shoes Medical Facilities Houses House rent Pick & drop service Insurance Pension plans Preventing people from accidents

Social Needs

Organizations encourage informal organizational activities.

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