MTH601 Midterm Short Notes Lectures 1-22

MTH601 Short Notes Mid term · Lec 1 to22 · Website Link: · Important Note · You should never copy paste the same answer · which we are providing. Please do make some · changes in the solution file. If you appreciate · our work, please share our website · with your friends. · آپ کو کبھی بھی وہی جواب کاپی پیسٹ نہیں کرنا چاہیے جو · ہم فراہم کر رہے ہیں۔ براہ کرم حل فائل میں کچھ تبدیلیاں · کریں۔ اگر آپ ہمارے کام کی تعریف کرتے ہیں تو براہ کرم · ہماری ویب سائٹ · کو · اپنے دوستوں کے ساتھ شیئر کریں · Mth601 · Operations Research · Segment I: Introduction · Lectures 1-3 · Background

Technology - the application of science to the everyday Physical World - has, on the whole, changed our lives greatly for the better, particularly since the time of Industrial Revolution. Manufacturing industry, which supplies us with and at the same time creates the wealth, which enables other services to exist, owes its existence to Science and Technology.

Some manufactured items, aircraft for example, are both complex and expensive, and there are great difficulties, first of all in organizing their manufacture and then, once made, in using them efficiently. Problems of this latter kind, often called systems problems, were studied rigorously for the first time by scientists, not in industry but in the management of operations in the 1939 - 45 war.

A number of teams of eminent scientists were employed by the British Government to apply their expertise to management and operational problems rather than technical problems. One such team (the Radar Operational Research team - which gave OR its name) was responsible for implementing the installation and operation of radar after the technical development work was complete.

Later on another team examined the relative ineffectiveness of the Allied Forces at destroying the German U-boats, which were sinking the food convoy ships supplying Britain. The OR team played an important part in reducing shipping losses and in the ultimate defeat of the U-boats. With no precedent in the application of Science to the management function, the scientists were still able to use their scientific approach-collecting information and developing hypothesis in order to come up with practical plans for the improvement of these wartime operations.

OR

The art of winning war without actually fighting it

After the end of the war II ,

The same approach was used in industrial and commercial field.

First developed in Britain and simultaneously in USA followed by Europe and rest of the world.

But not yet in Pakistan! Why? After the end of the war II, the same approach was used with great success in the industrial and commercial field, developing most rapidly in Britain and the USA, followed by Europe and the rest of the world. This has provided the basis for the evolution of Operational Research (OR) as a separate and independent subject of Science. It is not based on any single academic engineering, social science, economics, statistics and computing but is none of these. Then what is OR?

Definition of OR,

DEFINING OPERATIONS RESEARCH:

OR has been defined in various ways and it is perhaps too early to define it in some authoritative way. However given below are a few opinions about the definition of OR which have been changed along-with the development of the subject.

In 1946 Morse & Kimbel has defined as;

"OR is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decision regarding the operations under their control"

In 1948 Blackett defined as;

"OR is a scientific method of providing executives with any analytical and objective basis for decisions"

Another definition is due to Morse who defined in 1948 as;

" The term OR, has here-to fore been used to connote various attempts to study operations of war by scientific methods. From a more general point of view, OR can be considered to be an attempt to study those operations of modern society which involved organizations of men or men and machines".

Later on in 1957, Churchmen Ackoff and Arnoff defined;

"OR is the application of scientific methods, techniques and tools to problems involving the operations of systems so as to provide those in control of the operations with optimum solutions to the problem".

In 1958 Saaty defined OR as;

" The art of giving bad answer to problems to which, otherwise, worse answers are given".