PHY301 Updated Handouts

Course contents

Lecture No.

Topic/Sub topic

Page No. International System of Units - Basic Units - Decimal System - Subatomic elements - Electrons and protons in an Atom - Structure of the Atom - Electron Valence - Sub-shells - Particles in the Nucleus - Atomic Number - Orbital Rings - Conductors - Insulators - Semiconductors - The Unit of Electric Charge - Negative and Positive Polarities Negative and Positive Polarities of battery - Potential difference - Potential between different charges - Potential difference between the terminals - Volt - Current - Potential difference is necessary for current - Ampere - Resistance - Ohm - Conductance - The closed circuit - Open circuit - Short circuit - Power - Passive sign conventions Resistance in Series Inductance - Inductance in Series - Inductance in Parallel - Capacitance - Capacitance in parallel - Capacitance in Series - Ohm's Law - The Current “I=V/R” - High Voltage but Low Current - Low Voltage but High Current - The Voltage V=IR - The Resistance R=V/I - The Linear Proportion Between V & I - Volt-Ampere Characteristics - Power Dissipation in Resistance Types of sources : Ideal voltage source - Ideal current source - Direct voltage - Direct quantities - Alternating quantities - Dependent or controlled sources - Voltage controlled voltage source - Current controlled voltage source - Voltage Controlled Current Source - Current Controlled Current Source - Voltage dividers and Current dividers - Series Voltage dividers Current divider with two parallel resistances - Kirchhoff's Laws Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) - Node - Branch - Loop - Ground - Application of Nodal Analysis Application of Nodal Analysis - Refrence node Super Node - Constraint or Coupling Equation - Examples of Nodal Analysis Examples of Nodal Analysis - Super Node technique Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) - Loop - Examples of Loop Analysis Applications of Loop Analysis Applications of Loop Analysis Applications of Loop Analysis Applications of Loop Analysis Applications of Loop Analysis Applications of Loop Analysis - Super Mesh Technique Examples of Loop Analysis Applications of Loop Analysis - Super Mesh Technique - Coupling equation Examples of Loop Analysis by using dependent sources - Coupling equation Matrices and determinants Superposition Theorem and examples Source Transformation and examples Thevenin's Theorem and examples Examples of Thevenin's Theorem - Thevenin's Theorem and Dependent sources with examples Thevenin's Theorem and Dependent sources with examples - Norton's Theorem with examples Norton's Theorem with examples - Linearity Principle Intrinsic Silicon - Drift - Diffusion - Diffusion Current - Drift Current - Drift Velocity - Doped semiconductors - Diffusion current ID - The depletion region - The PN Junction under reverse bias and forwar biased conditions - PN Junction Diode - Ideal Diode - Ideal Diode as a Rectifier Terminal characteristics of the Junction diodes - Forward bias region Reverse bias region - Break down region - Analysis of diode circuits DC or Static Resistance - The constant voltage drop model - AC or Dynamic Resistnace Small Signal Model and its applications Transformers - Secondary voltage and current - Transformer Input/Output phase rlationship Negative Half Wave Rectifiers - Load voltage and current - Average Load voltage and current - Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) - Full wave rectifier Negative full wave rectifier - Full wave bridge rectifier - Filters - Clippers - Series clippers - Parallel clippers - Clamper Diode logic gates (OR Gate) ( AND Gate) - Voltage multipliers - Half wave voltage doubler - Zener diode - Zener diode shunt regulator Applications of Zener diode shunt regulator - Characteristic of light emitting diodes - PIN Photodiodes - Tunnel diode Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - NPN Transistor - Operating configuration of BJT - Directions of Currents in BJT - Modes of operation of BJT The Currents of a BJT - DC biasing-BJT - Forward bias of Base Emitter - Load line analysis - DC BIASING-BJT Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit - Base Emitter Loop - Collector Emitter Loop Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit Load Line Analysis - DC BIASING-BJT Voltage Divider Bias Circuit and its application

LECTURE 1 · (Introduction-some basic concepts) · International System of Units

It is built upon seven basic units. These are meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, mole and candela.

Basic Units The seven quantities are known to be basic in SI unit System.

Base quantity symbol

Length meter m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Electric current ampere A

Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K

Amount of substance mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd

Meter

Up until 1983, the meter was defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in a vacuum of the orange-red line of the spectrum of krypton-86. Since then, it is equal to the distance traveled by light in vacuum in 1/299,792,45 of a second.

Second

The second is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation associated with a specified transition of the Cesium-133 atom.

Kilogram

The standard for the kilogram is a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept by International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Paris. The kilogram is the only base unit still defined by a physical object.

Kelvin

The Kelvin is defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water, that is, the point at which water forms an interface of the solid, liquid and vapor. This is defined as .01oC on the Centigrade scale and 32.02oF on Fahrenheit scale. The temperature 0oK is called the “absolute zero”.