PSY101 Final Term Short Notes

PSY 101

Short Notes Lecture (23-45)

Question: What is Primary and secondary memory? Information that is perceived enters a short-tem store that they termed primary memory. Primary memory has a limited capacity; it can only contain a few items. However, retrieval from primary memory is quite easy. If a piece of information is present in primary memory, the person is almost certain to be able to recall it. While information is in primary memory, it may be rehearsed. Rehearsal has two functions. It tends to maintain information in primary memory, and it can cause transfer of the information to the long-term memory store (which Waugh and Norman called secondary memory). If information is not rehearsed, then it is lost (forgotten) form primary memory, perhaps without ever being transferred to secondary memory. Secondary memory differ form primary memory in several ways. It has an unlimited capacity. Waugh and Norman saw no reason not to assume that an essentially infinite amount of information could be stored in secondary memory. Also, there was no evidence that information is ever lost form secondary memory after it has been transferred there. However, retrieval from secondary memory is much more difficult than retrieval form primary memory. Even if a piece of information is present in secondary memory, we might not be ale to find it.

Question: What’s the difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist? A clinical psychologist has a doctor of philosophy (PhD) or doctor of psychology (PsyD) degree in clinical psychology. These degrees involve 4-6 years of study and practical experience in graduate school and a year or more of full-time supervised experience in a clinical internship. A doctorate in psychology prepares the psychologist to understand psychological research, and conduct psychological assessment and psychotherapy, which requires a license. Currently, psychologists do not prescribe medication except in the state of New Mexico or when trained for certain federal programs, and only then with extensive additional training in psychopharmacology. A psychiatrist has a doctor of medicine (MD) or sometimes doctor of osteopathic medicine (D.O.) degree, and four years of supervised experience in a psychiatric residency. Medical school primarily prepares the psychiatrist to conduct physical exams and prescribe medical treatments. The psychiatric residency provides training in treating psychiatric disorders.

Question: 7Can Psychologists predict fate or destiny? This is not actually the case. Lay people have these views because they see that psychologists are capable of accurately telling what type of people others are, what they are capable of doing, what are their potentials and capacities etc. In reality, the case is different since psychologists can only predict not the destiny but the direction that one may adopt in future; psychologists can assess and predict personality and behavior because they get professional training for studying human behavior and that is why they can easily tell what type of a person one is, what might be his potentials, and how much he/ she is capable of performing certain tasks.

Question: 8Can Psychologists give medicines? Not psychologist, but psychiatrists are the ones who prescribe medicine to the mentally ill patients, as they have a professional degree in medicine that authorizes them to prescribe medication.

Question: 9What are the most prevalent models/approaches/perspectives of psychology? • Biological Approach • Psychodynamic Approach • Behaviorist / Behavioral Approach • Humanistic Approach • Cognitive Approach

Question: 18How would you define Experimental Research? In experimental research experimentation is used for studying a phenomenon. In an experiment the variable of interest (independent variable) is manipulated/ altered and the effect of this manipulation is studied. The main feature of experimentation is control; keeping all those variables and conditions under control, that can have an impact on the findings of the study i.e. variables that can interfere with the impact of the independent variable.

Question: 20What is meant by cognitive development? Cognitive development is the process of the development of children understanding of the world as a function of age and experience. Cognitive development is the development of the ‘thinking’ and ‘organizing systems’ of the brain. It involves Language, Mental imagery, Thinking, Reasoning, Problem solving and Memory development

Question: 21Explain the nervous system? The Nervous system The system that controls and regulates the structure and function of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and the nerve cells; it maintains coordination between the nervous system and the rest of the bodily systems. It is responsible for the internal communication system that ensures the integrated functioning of the various systems. Main Parts of the Nervous System The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System

Question: 22What is meant by peripheral nervous system? The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The part of the nervous system that includes all parts of the nervous system except the brain and the spinal cord Includes: • Somatic Division / Somatic Nervous System/ SNS • Autonomic division / Autonomic Nervous System/ ANS Somatic Division: controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles. Autonomic division: controls the involuntary movements all over the body; movements of the heart, lungs, stomach, glands and other organs.

Question: 23How can we explain endocrine system? Endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate body's growth, metabolism, sexual development and functions. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and transported to tissues and organs throughout the body. Question: 24What is perception? Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting stimuli; it includes identification, recognition, and images of the stimulus in question; previous experiences have a role to play in it. Perception is holistic. Perception is the mental organization and interpretation of sensory information

Question: 26What does perceptual organization mean? Organizing raw sensory stimuli into meaningful experiences.

Question: 27What is Phi phenomenon? When two lights are in close proximity to each other, flashing alternately, appear to be one light moving back and forth; therefore the whole was different from the separate parts. Movement is perceived whereas it never occurred.

Question: 28How would you describe illusions? Illusion is misperception, or false perception. It is when the physical stimulus constantly and persistently produces error in perception.

Question: 32What are the main stages or extensions of classical conditioning? Stages and Extensions of Classical Conditioning: • Acquisition • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery • Stimulus generalization • Stimulus discrimination • Higher Order Conditioning

Question: 34How can we apply operant conditioning in real life situations? Applications of Operant Conditioning • Child rearing. • Classroom management. • Teaching of skills. • Animal taming. • Advertising. • Psychological intervention and Psychotherapy: behavior modification, assertiveness training, and token economy.

Question: 36How latent learning can be defined? The type of learning in which the organism does learn or acquire a particular behavior but does not readily demonstrate it until reinforcement is provided; performance may not be the same as what one has actually learnt.

Question: 37What is meant by observational Learning? Observational learning refers to learning through observation of others’ behavior; or as a result of modeling. According to Albert Bandura and colleagues, a major portion of our learning is based upon learning by observation.

Question: 38Apply observational learning in real life situations?